Patterns of Macroevolution (and review of phylogenetic trees worksheet)

#1 Class Family Order Genus

#1b No, they do not share a recent common ancestor Should not group them together in any taxa without also including A, E and F

2. DNA Proteins Anatomical Homologies Embryos Data supports tree II Camel is least related to others Hippo and whale share many similarities

3. Raccoon Red Panda Panda Andean Bear Polar Bear Black Bear Grizzly Bear

4. Rose Bush Pine Tree Liverwort Algae Moss Ginkgo Corn Fern -Dicotyledon -Flowers -Seeds -Xylem -Terrestrial living

5. Woops. Should have been Not consistent… A B and C are all consistent D is not

Patterns of macroevolution

#1. Timing Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium Rate of evolution is very slow and constant (millions of years) Evolution occurs in bursts (thousands of years) followed by millions of years of stasis

More on punctuated Equilibrium Evidence that evolution occurs more rapidly following environmental change

#2 Convergent Different species evolve to appear similar despite different ancestry Leads to formation of analogous structures

Example – Placental vs. marsupial mammals

Example of analogous structures - wings

#3 Divergent/Adaptive Radiation Species evolve to look different Often times many groups evolve from one common ancestor

Fall of dinosaurs gave rise to adaptive radiation of mammals

#4 Coevolution Evolution of one species affects evolution of another E.g. predator changes, causing prey to change E.g. Plants and pollinators evolve in tandem

Example – milkweed and Monarch Butterflies Milkweed is toxic Monarch butterflies feed on milkweed and have evolved to withstand the toxin They become toxic to predators

#5 Aposematic coloration Prey evolve very bright coloration Predators have evolved to avoid butterflies with bright coloration

#6 mimicry Harmless species evolve to appear similar to toxic/dangerous species