Bell Ringer!!!  What is your favorite pizza topping?  At a “get-together” how do you compromise so everyone gets something that they like on the pizza????

The Articles of Confederation  First governing document of the United States  Ratified (approved) by all 13 States in 1781  Established a Confederation Group of independent States, mainly only came together for protection Group of independent States, mainly only came together for protection Each state kept its sovereignty (independence) and most power Each state kept its sovereignty (independence) and most power “firm league of friendship” between the states “firm league of friendship” between the states

Unicameral vs. Bicameral Unicameral  1 house legislature Quicker decision making Quicker decision making Less debate on issues Less debate on issues Bicameral  2 house legislature Both houses must agree before laws passed More opinions and compromise necessary

The Articles of Confederation (Cont)  The entire Federal Government made up of a Unicameral Congress No President or King in charge No President or King in charge Each of 13 states got 1 vote Each of 13 states got 1 vote 9 out of 13 necessary for approval9 out of 13 necessary for approval  POWERS of the Federal Government: Could make war and peace Could make war and peace Make treaties Make treaties Borrow money Borrow money Establish post offices Establish post offices Build Army & Navy by asking states for troops Build Army & Navy by asking states for troops ****All powers not listed were given to the states**** ****All powers not listed were given to the states****

Obligations of the States  Each state agreed to: Treat citizens of other states fairly Treat citizens of other states fairly Surrender fugitives wanted in other states Surrender fugitives wanted in other states Allow travel between states Allow travel between states States free to do whatever else they wanted States free to do whatever else they wanted

Weaknesses of the Articles  Congress could not tax to raise money Had to borrow or ask states for $$$ Had to borrow or ask states for $$$ Couldn’t raise $$$ to pay for Revolutionary War Couldn’t raise $$$ to pay for Revolutionary War  Congress couldn’t regulate trade between states States could use their own currency States could use their own currency  Congress could not enforce their own laws  Congress = 1 vote per state (no matter how big or small)  No Executive branch = no power to enforce laws States could ignore laws that they did not care for States could ignore laws that they did not care for

Weaknesses of the Articles  9 out of 13 states had to agree to pass a law  ALL 13 States had to agree to Amend (change) the Articles  No national court system existed  Shays Rebellion (1787) – Armed attack by farmers/former soldiers on Federal weapons arsenal Stopped quickly, but prime example of problems the U.S. faced under the Articles Stopped quickly, but prime example of problems the U.S. faced under the Articles

Quick Quiz…..

Solving the Problems  Summer of 1787: 12 of 13 States (except Rhode Island) sent delegates to convention in Philadelphia  Original goal was to meet and amend Articles of Confederation to give national govt more power 55 men, G. Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison 55 men, G. Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison  As summer progressed, agreed to eliminate Articles of Confed. and draft a new Constitution Constitution: American governing document Constitution: American governing document

The Virginia Plan Representation  Bicameral Legislative Branch/Congress : How many reps each state gets in the House of Representatives and Senate based on population  Structure  3 branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial Congress would choose the Executive and Court Congress would choose the Executive and Court Gave power to a true national government Gave power to a true national government

Virginia Plan (Cont) Powers of the Government  Congress keeps powers from the Articles of Confederation, but also… 1. Veto State laws interfering with National Laws, by force if necessary 2. Admit new states to the Union

The New Jersey Plan  Representation Unicameral Congress, one vote per state Unicameral Congress, one vote per state  Structure Legislature: Unicameral Congress Legislature: Unicameral Congress One vote per state similar to the Articles of Confederation One vote per state similar to the Articles of Confederation Plural Executive (think several Presidents) Plural Executive (think several Presidents) Single Supreme Court Single Supreme Court

The New Jersey Plan (Cont)  Powers of Congress Similar to those in the Articles of Confederation Similar to those in the Articles of Confederation Limited power to tax Limited power to tax Limited power to regulate trade between States Limited power to regulate trade between States  Small States Same voting power as large states since each state receives the same amount of votes Same voting power as large states since each state receives the same amount of votes

The Connecticut Compromise Suggested by Connecticut Suggested by Connecticut  What parts of the Virginia Plan did it use? Congress would be Bicameral Congress would be Bicameral House of Representatives based on population House of Representatives based on population Federal Government is superior to the states Federal Government is superior to the states  What parts of the New Jersey Plan did it use? Each state equally represented in the SENATE (2 per state) Each state equally represented in the SENATE (2 per state)

The Three-Fifths Compromise Representation Should House of Representatives be based on population, including slaves? Should House of Representatives be based on population, including slaves? Northerners said no, African Americans made up 25-45% of Southern population. Northerners said no, African Americans made up 25-45% of Southern population. Slaves counted for… "all other persons" in the country are worth 3/5 of a vote toward population (could also be taxed by Federal Government) "all other persons" in the country are worth 3/5 of a vote toward population (could also be taxed by Federal Government) Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise Limits on Congress Banned from TAXING EXPORTS (tobacco, etc…) & said that Congress could not make laws about Slave Trade for 20 years Banned from TAXING EXPORTS (tobacco, etc…) & said that Congress could not make laws about Slave Trade for 20 years

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise Limits on Congress Banned from touched Slave Trade for 20 years Banned from touched Slave Trade for 20 years Importing of Slaves into the CountryImporting of Slaves into the Country

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists  Supported ratifying the Constitution  Bill of rights not necessary, not possible to list all of people’s rights  Believed power was divided up so that nobody could gain too much power  Said that size of U.S. meant that no one faction (group with common ideas) could take power  Did not support the Constitution  Said Constitution needed Bill of Rights  Feared states would lose power = return of a king  Feared taxing power of Federal Govt  Said U.S. was too big for a federal govt (republic) to control Government would have to rule by force to make all people obey Should the new Constitution be ratified or not…

Federalists James Madison Alexander Hamilton Anti – Federalists Patrick Henry John Hancock