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AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW Descartes Aristotle Plato(mind not Socrates separate (mind separate from from body- body-knowledge is knowledge body-knowledge is knowledge innate-born within grows from innate-born within grows from us) dualism experience us) dualism experience monism monism

Measures of central tendency- Mean, median, mode p. 41 p. 41 Measures of variation- Range and standard deviation p. 41 p. 41 Research methods- Descriptive, correlational, experimental p. 39

Who invented phrenology? Franz Gall Neuron communication Sensory neurons Afferent Motor neurons Efferent Sympathetic nervous system-stimulates Parasympathetic -pacifies

Nature vs. Nurture Biopsychosocial influences p. 135 Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures Individualist proverb: The squeaky wheel gets the grease. Collectivist proverb: The quacking duck gets shot.

Stages of development- Ainsworth strange situation paradigm P. 156 secure and insecure attachment Harry Harlow –experiments on comfort Kubler Ross -stages of dying (Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) Fluid and crystallized intelligence

Absolute threshold- JND-just noticeable difference Webers (Vaybers)Law- Two lights-8%,weight-2%,tones-.3% Gate-control theory- gate opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers Gate closed by activity of pain signals traveling up large fibers p.227

Gestalt – form or whole Monocular and binocular cues Visual cliff experiment- depth perception Perceptual set-mental predisposition Human factors psychologists- help design appliances, machines, etc. that fit our natural perceptions.

Sleep cycle (B A D) Beta, Alpha, (Theta), Delta (Theta), Delta Spindles in stage 2 Spindles in stage 2 REM- about 25% REM- about 25% Pineal gland – Pineal gland – sleep inducing hormone melatonin sleep inducing hormone melatonin Suprachiasmatic nucleus (neural center in hypothalamus) controls circadian clock Suprachiasmatic nucleus (neural center in hypothalamus) controls circadian clock Dream theories Dream theories

Classical and operant conditioning Theory of mind Pavlov, Watson, Garcia Skinner Banduras bobo doll Skinner box (operant chamber) Schedules of reinforcement Interval- related to time Ratio-related to number of times

Atkinson-Shiffrins three stage memory processing model Sensory, short-term, long-term Hippocampus – explicit memories Cerebellum- implicit memories implicit memories Encoding- effortful and automatic Elizabeth Loftus-false memories

Skinner –A I R – association, imitation, reinforcement Chomsky-inborn universal grammar Heuristics- representative, availability Whorfs linguistic determinism Phoneme-smallest sound unit Morpheme-smallest unit that carries meaning Critical period-window begins to close at age 7

Spearman-general intelligence g Gardner- 8 intelligences Sternberg-3 intelligences (cap) creative, analytic, practical Binet/Simon-started intelligence movement Wechsler-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-most widely used Convergent – single correct answer- Divergent- Multiple answers

Industrial organizational psychology Drive reduction theory Golemans emotional intelligence Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Task leadership and social leadership Voice effect

James-Lange theory(arousal-emotion) Cannon-Bard theory(arousal/emotion) Schachter-Singer theory(arousal/label then emotion) Zajonc-LeDoux theory-we have many emotional reactions apart from our interpretation. Two roads: Fear-thalamus-amygdala-response Fear-thalamus-sensory cortex- prefrontal cortex amygdala-response

Personality theories- Freud, Adler, Horney, Jung Projective tests Eysenck –two axes- extraversion/introversion Stable/unstable Conscientiousness, agreeableness, Neuroticism, openness, extraversion

DSM-IV-TR AND UN-DSM 5 AXES: Disorder, personality disorder, medical condition, environmental problems, functioning Affective(mood) Depression-low serotonin Mania-high serotonin Schizophrenia-high dopamine Positive and negative symptoms

Pinel and Dix-humane treatment Regression toward the mean Chart on therapy techniques EMDR Aaron Becks view of depression Deinstitutionalization

Cognitive dissonance Kurt Lewin-leadership styles Solomon Asch-conformity Milgram-obedience Zimbardo-jail experiment GRIT-graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (Osgood) The sleeper effect –negative propaganda has impact even from discreditable source.