The Nineteenth Century By Alana, Kylee, Amanda, & Austin

Facts/History:  Jean-Baptiste Lamarack starts the teleological revolution.  The atomic theory in chemistry is established.  Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope.  James Blundel performs the 1st successful blood transfusion.  Daniel Drake founded the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarack Rene Laennec Early stethoscopes Medical College of Ohio

 Carnot described the Carnot cycle and the idealized heat engine.  George Ohm establishes Ohm’s Law of electricity.  Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea destroying vitalism.  Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.  Anselme Payen isolates the first enzyme, diastase.

 Matthais Schleidon establishes the fact that all plants are made of cells.  The Doppler effect is established from Christian Doppler.  Crawford Long uses general anesthetics during surgery, but doesn’t publish results.  James Prescott Joule establishes the Law of Conservation of Energy (the 1st law of thermodynamics).  William Morton discovers anesthesia.

 Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the 1st woman to receive a medical degree from Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York.  Rudolf Virchow establishes that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.  Claude Bernard published ‘An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine.’  Gregor Mendel establishes Mendel’s law of inheritance, the basis of genetics.  Joseph Lister publishes a book containing surgical methods: ‘Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery.’

Elizabeth BlackwellGregor Mendel

 Dmitri Mendeleev establishes the periodic table.  Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease.  James Clerk Maxwell establishes the Theory of Electromagnetism.  The 1st vaccine for cholera is made.  The 1st vaccine for anthrax is made.

Dmitri Mendeleev Louis Pasteur Robert Koch

 The 1st vaccine for rabies is made.  Koch and Friedrich Loeffler develop Koch’s postulates (the link between microbes and diseases).  Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus & diphtheria vaccines.  Wilhelm Roentgen discovers x-rays.  Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity.

Early x-ray machine

 The 1st vaccine for typhoid fever is made.  The 1st vaccine for the plague is made.  Ronald Ross shows that malaria is transmitted via mosquitoes.  Felix Hoffman develops aspirin.  Max Planck established the law of black body radiation, the basis for the quantum theory.

Religion During this Time:  33.32% Christian  21.01% Muslim  14.09% non-religious  13.26% Hindu  12.48% other religions  5.84% Buddhist

Major Depressions and their Effect on the Economy:  Panic of was the 1st major American depression caused by a breakdown of cotton prices. Banks and farms were foreclosed because of calling in loans. It lasted until  Panic of started from the same reasons as the Panic of 1819 along with the failing of crops & problems with currency circulation. Also economic problems in Britain and land speculation. This caused the collapse of real estate prices.  Panic of stock prices plummeted due to the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Company. The American economy was practically ruined.

 Panic of the stock market was still down causing many businesses to fail. This caused 3 million people to lose their jobs, increasing poverty a lot. This led to the Populist movement which later created the Greenback party. It lasted until  Panic of this was the greatest depression known by America (it was later passed by the Great Depression in the 1930’s). The stock market completely crashed, and caused 16,000 more businesses to fail and the unemployment rate to 1 in 6 Americans losing their jobs. It lasted until 1897.

Important Scientists:  Thomas Johann Seebeck Born April 9, 1770, died December 10, He believed electric currents could be produced by temperature differences and discovered thermoelectricity (electricity produced by heat).  Andre Marie Ampere Born January 20, 1775, died June 10, He believed in molecules and their features; described the magnetic field occurring around the conductor in which the electric current flows.  Michael Faraday Born September 22, 1791, died August 25, He believed that the ability of space to be distempered is caused by some source. He formulated the laws of electrolysis (causes chemical decomposition by passing an electric current through a liquid or solution).

Thomas Seebeck Andre Ampere Michael Faraday

 William Morton Born August 9, 1819, died July 15, He helped discover and prove that the use of inhaled ether was an effective anesthetic.  Louis Pasteur Born December 27, 1822, died September 28, Although he loved science, he stated that he had ‘absolute faith in God and eternity’ anf he believed that ‘the power for good given to us in this world will be continued beyond it.’ But he never let his science and religion mix. He discovered the pasteurization process (the sterilization of foods), founded the science of microbiology, and discovered many vaccines, including rabies.  Robert Koch Born December 11, 1843, died May 27, He helped discover the science of microbiology and established Koch’s postulates. He also discovered the agents that cause tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.

William Morton Koch’s postulates

Overall, many great medical contributions were made in the Nineteenth Century!