1. World History: Unit 3, Chapter 8, Section 2
Life in the Industrial Age :
Scientific and Medical Achievements

2. Main Idea
Advances in science, medicine and the social sciences led to new theories about the natural world and human mind, improved quality of life, and longer life spans

3. New Ideas in Science: Charles Darwin
Developed “Theory of Evolution”: species will evolve with their environment
Differed from creation story in the Bible
Geologist Charles Darwin studied variations among plants and animals, published theories in On the Origin of Species
QC What were some of the new ideas in science?

4. Geologist Charles Darwin studied variations among plants and animals, published theories in On the Origin of Species

5. Dmitri Mendeleyev 1871: Russian chemist arranged the periodic table
even leaving gaps knowing that some elements were yet to be discovered

6. Marie and Pierre Curie
1898: French chemists discovered polonium and radium and concluded that certain elements release energy when they break down (radioactivity)
First woman to teach at the Sorbonne in Paris
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911
Died from leukemia caused by exposure to radiation

7. Albert Einstein
1905: German- Jewish scientist that revolutionized physics
Overturned theories of Sir Isaac Newton

8. Einstein continued
Developed “special theory of relativity”: no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light
E=mc2: a small amount of mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy

10. Medical Breakthroughs
1870: Louis Pasteur showed the link between microbes and disease, disproving spontaneous generation
Discovered that bacteria cause fermentation
Pasteurization: the process of heating to high temperatures to destroy bacteria that cause disease
Developed vaccine for anthrax and rabies in 1885

11. Louis Pasteur

12. Improving Medical Care
1842: American surgeon Crawford W. Long- used an anesthetic-first painless operation involving ether
1860s: English surgeon Joseph Lister cleans wounds with an antiseptic containing carbolic acid reducing deaths
Improvements in modern hospitals, more nurse schooling
1900: 5% of American physicians were women
1800: 240 infant deaths per 1000
1898: 91 per 1000
QC what medical breakthroughs affected the quality of life?

13. New Ideas in Social Sciences
Late 1800s: psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology born
1890s: psychology, the study of the mind and human behavior emerged

14. Ivan Pavlov
Studied animals to better understand humans. Concluded that human behavior is similar.
Rang a bell each time he fed dogs, realized dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell
Called it “the conditioned reflex”

15. Sigmund Freud Austrian-Jewish physician
Therapy called “psychoanalysis”
Argued the unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware

16. Other Social Sciences Archeology: study of the past based on artifacts
Anthropology: study of humanity and human ancestors
Sociology: study of people in groups in their own societies
QC What new ideas developed within the social sciences?