Cells and Structure of Organisms Introduction

Multi-cellular vs. Uni-cellular Have you ever wondered how living things work? What are the differences between a uni- cellular and multi-cellular organism? Please read together pages 59 and 65 of the Green Life Science Text.

5 Levels of Organization (for advanced multi – celled organisms) Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

Cells Cells are the most basic level of organization in living things. basic level Cell = A membrane covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life.

Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells Prokaryote = 1 celled organisms that lack a nucleus or other structures bound by a membrane. They have been on Earth the Longest. Eukaryote = organisms whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. See Earth Life History Timeline See Video Clip See Video Clip + Neo Website + Video 2Neo WebsiteVideo 2

Kingdoms and Cell Types Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Tissue Cells + Cells = Tissue There are 4 types of tissue in your body: tissue –Connective –Nerve –Epithelial –Muscle

Organ Tissue + Tissue = Organ Organs are what we usually think about when we think about parts of the body

Organ Connective tissue makes up organs like the bones, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, etc…

Organ Nerve Tissue Makes up organs like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Organ Epithelial Tissue makes up organs like the skin, hair, and fingernails

Organ Muscle tissue makes up organs like the heart, stomach, kidneys, lungs, biceps, etc…

Organ System Organ + Organ = Organ System You have 11 organ systems in your body. Let’s Read Pages our Text Together.

11 organ systems of the body

Organ Systems 1- Skeletal system Function = provides support and protection for vital organs and stores nutrients. ORGANS = 206 bones, ligaments, and tendons. Pages

Organ Systems Skeletal system facts: –Your body has about 206 bones although you were born with over 300 bones. –You have the same number of bones in your neck as a giraffe does! –Bone marrow makes blood cells, but bones are alive, and would die without blood. –The longest bone in your body is your femur. (Thigh) –Your bones are about 60% calcium compounds. –Over half of the bones in your entire body are in your hands and feet.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your skeletal system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 2- Muscular system Function = allows us to move ORGANS = (Basically all Muscles i.e. bicep, tricep etc.). Pages

Organ Systems Muscular system facts: –The busiest muscles in your muscular system are your eyes. They move more than 100,000 times per day! –The largest muscle in your body is the gluteus maximus –It takes 17 muscles to smile and 42 to frown. –Muscles can’t push, they can only pull. –Muscles can’t function without calcium.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your muscular system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 3- Integumentary System Function = regulates body temperature and provides protection. ORGANS = Skin, hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, and fingernails. SEE PAGE

Organ Systems Integumentary system facts: –Skin is the largest organ in your body. –Skin is 16% of your body weight –You completely replace your skin cells about once per month. –About 90% of dust in your house is dead skin cells. –Hair is the fastest growing organ in the body –Average #s of hairs: redheads= 80,000 Brown/black = 100,000 Blondes = 120,000 –Fingernails grow faster during the summer and on your dominant hand.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your integumentary system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 4- Cardiovascular system (circulatory) Function = carries food and oxygen to the cells, and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells. ORGANS = Your heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. SEE PAGE

Organ Systems Cardiovascular system facts: –The heart beats about 3,000,000,000 times during an average lifetime. –You have thousands of miles of blood vessels and arteries in your body. (you could wrap them around the world twice. –You have about 5 million red blood cells, 10,000 white blood cells, and 250,000 platelets in 1 drop of blood. –Arteries take blood away from the heart, and veins return it to the heart. –Moving helps return blood to your heart –You do NOT have blue blood!

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your cardiovascular system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 5- Lymphatic system (Immune system) Function = returns leaked fluids to blood vessels, and helps fight off germs. ORGANS = Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils + more. SEE PAGE

Organ Systems Lymphatic system facts: –Your lymph system releases white blood cells to fight off infection. –Your lymph nodes swell up when the fill up with white blood cells (when you are sick) –Your spleen helps break down and recycle RBCs. –Your lymph system returns about ½ cup of lymph fluid to the heart per hour. –Domestic birds don’t have lymph nodes. –Most of your lymph nodes are in your armpits, neck, and groin.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your lymph system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 6- Respiratory system Function = exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide. (O 2 in and CO 2 out). ORGANS = Lungs, Bronchi, trachea, and diaphragm + more. See page

Organ Systems Respiratory system facts: –You breathe in 21% oxygen and.4% Carbon dioxide, you breathe out 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide. –You have the same surface area on you lungs as a tennis court. –You breathe out about ½ of a liter of water per day. –Your right lung is slightly larger than your left.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your respiratory system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 7- Digestive System Function = breaks food down into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body. ORGANS = The mouth, liver, stomach, and intestines + more. See page

Organ Systems Digestive system facts: –The average stomach can hold about 1.5 liters of food. –Your intestines are lined with tiny projections called villi. They increase the surface area of your intestines so you can absorb as much as possible. –Your intestines are about 15 meters long! –Food stays in your stomach for 2-4 hours.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your digestive system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 8- Nervous system Function = sends messages that control body functions ORGANS = The brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Pages

Organ Systems Nervous system facts: –Your nervous system functions using electricity. –Messages can travel through your neurons at speeds of 250 mph! –The avg. # of neurons in a human brain is 100 billion. –The longest neuron (nerve cell) known to man is 15 feet long (in a giraffe leg). –If you lined up all the neurons in your body, it would stretch 600 miles! –An adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your nervous system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 9- Endocrine System Function = produces chemicals that control the body (ex. Hormones) ORGANS = The adrenal glands, pituitary gland + many more. SEE PAGE

Organ Systems Endocrine system facts: –Steroids, insulin, and adrenaline are 3 of the 30 hormones made by your body. –It only takes a tiny bit of a hormone to cause a very large reaction –Physical growth, hyperactivity, depression, stress, hunger and many other emotions are linked to hormone production.

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your endocrine system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 10- Urinary System Function = removes waste from the blood and regulates body fluids. ORGANS = Kidneys, ureters, and the bladder + more. SEE PAGE

Organ Systems Urinary system facts: –Your bladder can hold about 400 ml or urine. –The blood in your body passes through each kidney 400 times per day. –The kidneys use osmosis to control the amount of water in the blood. –Caffeine and alcohol are diuretics, which means that they suppress the part of your brain that tells your body that you need to retain water. (increases urination - dehydration)

Organ Systems How would your life be different without your urinary system? How long do you think you could survive?

Organ Systems 11- Reproductive system Function = enables the organism to produce offspring

Organ Systems Which organ system do you think is most important? Which organ systems couldn’t function without other organ systems?

Quiz time! Which level of organization do each of the following pictures belong to?

Quiz time!