1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 11 BLOOD

2 BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS BLOOD IS A SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE OF CELLS AND PLASMA. BLOOD IS A SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE OF CELLS AND PLASMA. BLOOD FUNCTIONS INCLUDE:- TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES. TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES. FIGHT INFECTIONS. FIGHT INFECTIONS. MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL BODY ENVIRONMENT. MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL BODY ENVIRONMENT. REGULATE THE BODY TISSUES pH REGULATE THE BODY TISSUES pH

3 BLOOD COMPONENTS PLASMA PLASMA RED BLOOD CELLS {ERYTHROCYTES} {RBCs} RED BLOOD CELLS {ERYTHROCYTES} {RBCs} WHITE BLOOD CELLS {LEUKOCYTES} WHITE BLOOD CELLS {LEUKOCYTES} PLATELETS {THROMBOCYTES} PLATELETS {THROMBOCYTES} PROTEINS PROTEINS ELECTROLYTES ELECTROLYTES

4 BLOOD COMPONENTS

5 PLASMA PLASMA IS THE LIQUID PART OF BLOOD PLASMA IS THE LIQUID PART OF BLOOD 90% WATER PLUS SOLUTES SUCH AS:- 90% WATER PLUS SOLUTES SUCH AS:- PROTEINS PROTEINS NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS ENZYMES ENZYMES HORMONES HORMONES ELECTROLYTES ELECTROLYTES RESPIRATORY GASES RESPIRATORY GASES

6 PLASMA PROTEINS MADE BY THE LIVER. MADE BY THE LIVER. THREE TYPES:- ALBUMINS {60%} MAINTAIN THE BLOOD OSMOTIC PRESSURE. ALBUMINS {60%} MAINTAIN THE BLOOD OSMOTIC PRESSURE. GLOBULINS {36%} ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA. FUNCTION FOR BODY IMMUNITY GLOBULINS {36%} ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA. FUNCTION FOR BODY IMMUNITY FIBRINOGEN {4%} INVOLVED IN BLOOD CLOTTING. FIBRINOGEN {4%} INVOLVED IN BLOOD CLOTTING.

7 RED BLOOD CELLS RBCs ARE TINY BICONCAVE DISKS THAT TRANSPORT OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE RBCs ARE TINY BICONCAVE DISKS THAT TRANSPORT OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE 4 – 6 MILLION/ML OF BLOOD IN ADULTS. 4 – 6 MILLION/ML OF BLOOD IN ADULTS. PRODUCED BY THE RED BONE MARROW UNDER ERYTHROPOIETIN STIMULATION. PRODUCED BY THE RED BONE MARROW UNDER ERYTHROPOIETIN STIMULATION. ERYTHROPOIETIN IS SECRETED BY THE KIDNEYS {90%} AND THE LIVER {10%}. ERYTHROPOIETIN IS SECRETED BY THE KIDNEYS {90%} AND THE LIVER {10%}. RBCs LIFE SPAN IS 120 DAY. DEAD ONES ARE REMOVED BY THE SPLEEN & LIVER. RBCs LIFE SPAN IS 120 DAY. DEAD ONES ARE REMOVED BY THE SPLEEN & LIVER.

8 RED BLOOD CELLS PRODUCTION

9 WHITE BLOOD CELLS PRODUCED BY THE RED BONE MARROW. PRODUCED BY THE RED BONE MARROW. 4,000 – 10,000 / ML OF BLOOD. 4,000 – 10,000 / ML OF BLOOD. WBCs PRODUCTION IS INCREASED BY DISEASE – CAUSING ORGANISMS. WBCs PRODUCTION IS INCREASED BY DISEASE – CAUSING ORGANISMS. WBCs PROVIDE A DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE ORGANISMS BY PHAGOCYTOSIS OR BY RELEASING CHEMICALS THAT KILL THE ORGANISMS. WBCs PROVIDE A DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE ORGANISMS BY PHAGOCYTOSIS OR BY RELEASING CHEMICALS THAT KILL THE ORGANISMS.

10 WHITE BLOOD CELLS TYPES GRANULOCYTES:- NEUTROPHILS NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS BASOPHILS AGRANULOCYTES:- LYMPHOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES MONOCYTES MONOCYTES

11NEUTROPHIL

12EOSINOPHIL

13BASOPHIL

14LYMPHOCYTE

15MONOCYTE

16 PLATELETS THEY ARE CYTOPLASMIC FRAGMENTS OF LARGE CELLS CALLED MEGAKARYOCYTES. THEY ARE CYTOPLASMIC FRAGMENTS OF LARGE CELLS CALLED MEGAKARYOCYTES. 150,000 – 400,000 / ML OF BLOOD. 150,000 – 400,000 / ML OF BLOOD. PLATELETS CLUMP TOGETHER TO PLUG ANY BREAKS IN THE BLOOD VESSELS AND START THE BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS THAT STOPS BLEEDING. PLATELETS CLUMP TOGETHER TO PLUG ANY BREAKS IN THE BLOOD VESSELS AND START THE BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS THAT STOPS BLEEDING.

17 FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS

18 HEMOSTASIS IS THE STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING FROM A BROKEN BLOOD VESSEL. IS THE STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING FROM A BROKEN BLOOD VESSEL. IT INVOLVE THREE PROCESSES:- BLOOD VESSEL SPASM & CONSTRICTION BLOOD VESSEL SPASM & CONSTRICTION PLATELET PLUG FORMATION PLATELET PLUG FORMATION BLOOD CLOT FORMATION OR COAGULATION BLOOD CLOT FORMATION OR COAGULATION

19 PLATELET PLUG FORMATION

20 COAGULATION DAMAGED TISSUE PRODUCE IN THE BLOOD A PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR. DAMAGED TISSUE PRODUCE IN THE BLOOD A PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR. PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR CONVERT PROTHROMBIN INTO THROMBIN. PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR CONVERT PROTHROMBIN INTO THROMBIN. THROMBIN CONVERT FIBRINOGEN INTO FIBRIN THREADS. THROMBIN CONVERT FIBRINOGEN INTO FIBRIN THREADS. FIBRIN THREADS FORM A NET THAT TRAP BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS TO FORM THE BLOOD CLOT. FIBRIN THREADS FORM A NET THAT TRAP BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS TO FORM THE BLOOD CLOT.

21 A BLOOD CLOT

22 THE HEMOSTASIS PROCESSES

23 HUMAN BLOOD TYPES BLOOD TYPES ARE DETERMINED BY THE PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC ANTIGENS CALLED {A OR B} ON THE ERYTHROCYTES SURFACE. BLOOD TYPES ARE DETERMINED BY THE PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC ANTIGENS CALLED {A OR B} ON THE ERYTHROCYTES SURFACE. ANTIBODIES ARE SUBSTANCES IN THE PLASMA WHICH ATTACK ANY FOREIGN PROTEINS THAT ENTER THE BODY. ANTIBODIES ARE SUBSTANCES IN THE PLASMA WHICH ATTACK ANY FOREIGN PROTEINS THAT ENTER THE BODY. FOREIGN RBCs ARE CLUMPED BY THE BINDING OF ANTIBODIES CAUSING AGGLUTINATION. FOREIGN RBCs ARE CLUMPED BY THE BINDING OF ANTIBODIES CAUSING AGGLUTINATION. IF THE RBCs HAVE AN RHESUS {Rh} ANTIGEN, THE BLOOD TYPE IS CALLED Rh POSITIVE. IF THE RBCs HAVE AN RHESUS {Rh} ANTIGEN, THE BLOOD TYPE IS CALLED Rh POSITIVE.

24 HUMAN BLOOD TYPES

25 BLOOD TRANSFUSION

26 ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS WHEN A WOMAN WITH AN Rh NEGATIVE BLOOD IS PREGNANT WITH HER FIRST Rh POSITIVE BABY, SHE IS SENSITIZED AND PRODUCE ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES. WHEN A WOMAN WITH AN Rh NEGATIVE BLOOD IS PREGNANT WITH HER FIRST Rh POSITIVE BABY, SHE IS SENSITIZED AND PRODUCE ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES. DURING HER SECOND PREGNANCY WITH AN Rh POSITIVE BABY, THE MATHER’S ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES DESTROY THE BABY RBCs CAUSING HARMFUL EFFECTS. DURING HER SECOND PREGNANCY WITH AN Rh POSITIVE BABY, THE MATHER’S ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES DESTROY THE BABY RBCs CAUSING HARMFUL EFFECTS.

27 ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS