By Sally Anderson It matters

What is matter? Matter is anything that takes up space and can be experienced by one or more senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting)

What is a “state”? The condition or form that matter has Also referred to as phase

Solid A state of matter that has a definite shape and volume. The particles (atoms or molecules) are packed closely together. The forces between particles are strong enough so that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut.

Liquid A state of matter that has no definite shape, but has a definite volume – takes the shape of the container. It can drip. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid.melting point The molecules have enough energy to move around and the molecules are farther apart than a solid.

Gas A state of matter with no definite shape or volume Generally it can’t be seen It takes the shape of its surroundings Also called a vapor Molecules are quick and far apart

Why properties are important to scientists We study the properties of matter to discover: What is it made of? How does it form? Where does it come from?

Property or characteristic Characteristics or qualities; the way something is or behaves Example: A property of hydrogen, (H), is that it is extremely light in weight. Other characteristics Its color Its shape Its size Its mass Its density Its weight Its molecular structure How it combines with other substances

Atoms The smallest pieces of matter (can’t see them with eyes) The atom is the smallest thing in our body Different kinds of atoms are called elements Center is called the nucleus Made of 3 particles Nucleus contains protons (+ charge) and neutrons (no charge) Electrons travel fast around the nucleus

Element Different kinds of atoms are called elements A substance that cannot be easily broken into smaller parts Oxygen is an element that we breathe. Pairs of oxygen atoms join together to form an oxygen molecule.

Periodic table of elements A table, or grid, showing the periodic system in which all known elements are ordered by their weights

Molecule Forms when two or more atoms combine Atoms can be the same element (like oxygen) O2 Most molecules have atoms of more than one element CO2; H20 Sometimes molecules combine to form a new molecule (burn coal & carbon atoms in coal combine with oxygen in air to make carbon dioxide)

Physical changes Melting: Add heat energy to solid, it melts and becomes liquid Evaporation: Add heat energy to liquid, it evaporates and becomes a gas Freezing: Take away heat energy from liquid, it freezes and becomes solid Condensation: Take away heat energy from gas, it condenses and becomes liquid In a physical change into another substance – water is still water, even if frozen

Melting Turn from a solid to a liquid by adding heat energy Example: melting solid gold to turn into molten gold. Liquid gold can be poured into a mold. Remove heat energy (freezing) and it cools returns to a solid. Example: NASA engineers have to find a way to protect the shuttle’s aluminum from melting (heat-resistant tiles)

Freezing Process of liquid changing to a solid Releases heat (take away heat energy) Example: NASA engineers use fuel that is colder than ice and if ice forms, it would break off and damage the space shuttle (they installed heater)

Evaporate or evaporation The process of changing a liquid into a gas or vapor by adding heat energy Example: place a pot on the stove and some of the liquid will eventually turn into a gas Example: A puddle after a rain storm evaporates into the air by turning into a gas

Condense or Condensation To take away heat energy to turn a gas into a liquid Occurs when water vapor cools (lose heat energy) Example: water vapor (a gas) can form outside a cold glass of juice on the table) Example: Water vapor forms liquid dripping on outside of glass or a car window Example: On space shuttle, NASA uses liquid fuels (oxygen and hydrogen) in liquid state by removing heat and they store them in tanks

Mass How much matter is in something Can measure the mass, length and temperature of matter

volume The amount of space inside an object In a 3 dimentional cube, multiply the length x width x height LxWxH

Density How much matter something has Must compare the densities of solids that have equal volume If they have equal volume, the heaviest (or greatest mass) will be denser

Mixing Mixing is another type of physical change Example: (water and oil mix and then separate) They are still water and oil

Dissolving Another type of physical change When you dissolve something solid into something liquid, you make a solution Example: sugar and coffee The sugar is still sugar, even when mixed, but it is harder to separate the sugar from the coffee than to separate the oil from the water

Energy Power Examples: heat energy, light energy, wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy,

Potential energy Possible or about to happen Example: The stacked cord of wood has lots of potential energy because we can burn it to stay warm.

Kinetic Movement or motion Example: The horse race was filled with kinetic energy as the horses moved around the track

Viscosity The amount of friction within a liquid Example: Cold honey is very viscous because it is hard to pour. If a fluid drips slowly, it is viscous.

Review solids StateDefinitionProperties/ characteristics Mixture change Temperature and force changes Solid Matter that can be touched and keeps its own shape Made of atoms that are really close together Keep their own shape If you add heat, they melt Made of atoms Have color; you can see them If you apply force, it will break Made of matter Chemical reaction when they form together- can’t be separated Chemical change needed to separate it Increase temperature will change solid to liquid (or gas) Increased pressure and force will change solids