28/08/13 Environmental Cement Africa 2013 Nairobi Kenya Waste Management in Sub Saharan Africa

20 / 08 / 13 was Earth Overshoot Day: Humanity had exhausted nature’s budget for the year, exceeding the biosphere's supply, or the regenerative capacity 2012 Earth Overshoot Day was the 22 / 08 / 13

3Lafarge | Presentation name or chapter | ConfidentialDate | + recycled & recovered materials Importations Domestic extraction + recycled & recovered materials Stored Materials (ex: Buildings) WASTE Exportations Unused domestic materials Recycled and recovered waste Elimination Landfills Elimination Incinerators Minerals Fossil Fuels Metals Biomass Emissions Input domestic Raw material Domestic consumed materials Every country will have to review its management of the energy / raw material equilibrium.

THE OTHER GREAT CONCERN AFFECTING WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY IS CLIMATE CHANGE In a 4°C world, sea-level rise is projected to be more than 100 cm (orange over oceans) and the likelihood that a summer month’s heat is unprecedented is greater than 60 percent (orange/red colors over land) In a 2°C world, sea-level rise is projected to be less than 70 cm (yellow over oceans) and the likelihood that a summer month’s heat is unprecedented is less than 30 percent (blue/purple colors over land) Source : World Bank “Turn down the heat”

HOW THE CEMENT SECTOR CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE FIGHT (CO2 MANAEMENT) March 105 PROCESS Combustion Raw Mix CDM Geothermal WHR CEMENT Addition ratio New Clinkers BC$AF CONCRETE Global Formulation: Additions Admixtures Granular optimization Quality assurance BUILDING Life Cycle Combination of Materials Enhanced clinkers Process mastery Insulation Technological improvement Algaes CCS Wind Farm ARM AF WASTE MANAGEMENT

FOREST MANAGEMENT, for instance, impacts both Resources Optimization, and Climate change

BECAUSE OF ITS HUGE POPULATION AND ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT, AFRICA HAS TO IMPLEMENT A SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT MASTER PLAN  All the economical actors will produce more and more waste:  Municipalities: Municipal waste, Water treatment sewage sludge  Energy sector: Oil & Gas (exploration, pipelines, refineries, Marpol,…)  Industrial sector : Non toxic environment (agro industries, distribution,…) Toxic : Chemical, Pharmaceutical, …)  Agro Forestry: CO2 impact ( deforestation, illegal burning,…)  The challenge for Waste Management will be to optimize environmental protection, social development and economical development. This issue will be part of the parameters that will make the differences between “winning” and “losing” countries in the international competition.

Energy Recovery (Waste to Energy) will part of the solutions to be developed, but Waste to Energy solutions (specific incineration, methanization,…) will be inappropriate or too expensive for emerging countries -Change of ours consumption modes -Promotion of efficient productions - Correction of prices and reorientation of the fiscal load. -Transform waste into resources - Funding of the necessary waste treatment capacities Lafarge wants to participate to that effort, putting at the disposal of the local administrations, the recovery potential of its kilns through Responsible Environmental and social projects.

 The cost of “No Treatment” is not acceptable: -Illegal burning of organic waste create serious emissions problems -Illegal landfill create water contamination and methane emissions -The cost of rehabilitation will be unsustainable for future generation -The no integration of waste management cost in the value o goods and services create false value.  On the opposite, the progressive creation of a waste management sector allows: - The integration of the informal sector -The creation of entrepreneurial companies creating job and value (logistics, recycling, waste management,….) -Raw material and Energy savings -Support to the export sector ( no export without positive environmental footprint) WASTE MANAGEMENT IS LINKED WITH SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT

WHICH PARAMETERS ARE NEEDED TO SUCCEED IN THE CREATION OF A SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT MASTERPLAN  A strong environmental ministry able to implement the environment legislation ( budget, trained personal, good coordination with other ministries: Energy, Industry, Finances,.. ) “NO POLICE, NO MARKET”  The implementation of waste traceability from “cradle to grave”, “NO RECORDS, NO POLICY”  The implementation of sustainable waste treatment facilities, “ NO TREATMENT, NO PRESSURE”  The progressive optimization of environmental, social and economical solution. To go too rapidly will create informal sector integration issues and possible negative stakeholders reactions, while economical mistakes can be made with too expensive investments or wrong choice of the needed technologies,…)  The progressive implementation of the “POLLUTER PAYS” principle. Economical actors have to start accepting that waste are not “a gold mine”, but a cost they will have to pay. Financial incentives are needed in the first step; but should not motivate us to forget the implementation of the principle.

Cement Plant Municipalities Quarries and Landfills industry Power plant Pre-treatment Household Garbage Waste water Sewage plant Sludge Electricity Pre-treatment Fly Ashes Industrial & commercial waste non recyclable Construction Demolition Aggregate Gypsum Biogas Waste heat Drying – Heating Electricity Wood Plastic Blast Furnace Slag Pre-treatment The cement sector is well positioned to develop industrial ecology synergies

12 WATERS SLUDGES SOLIDS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL WATERS 0% 100% 0% 100% MINERAL CONTAMINANTS BIOLOGIC CEMENT RECOVERY WASTE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SLUDGES SOLIDS LANDFILL STABILISATIO N THE COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN LANDFILL AND CEMENT RECOVERY OPTIMIZES THE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AT THE LOWEST COST

Raw mix preparation Alternative raw materials Chemical flexibility of the raw mix Up to 70 waste streams and 350 Kg/ton of clinker Cement grinding Additives FGD Fly ashes Blast furnace slag Silica fumes Silica fumes Burning Alternative Fuels Very high temperature Long residence time Gas cleaning inherent to the process °C > 6 sec above °C Lime THE CEMENT PROCESS OFFERS STRONG INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES

A very broad range of waste Local municipality Sewage sludge, sludge from water purification Chemicals Solvents, plastics, catalysts Petroleum refining Clay, oils, spent catalysts Crushed sand and foundry sand Foundries, (Si, Al, Ca, Fe) Automotive Molding sand, paints residue, used tires Aluminum manufacture Electric power Fly ash, dust, gypsum, sulfur Construction and building materials Waste board and gypsum Traditional fuels Coal, gas, petroleum coke, fuel oil Fuel to kiln Spent pot liner Pulp & Paper Mill residue, incineration ash Biomass Agricultural waste Soil remediation residues

ASANTE