2.  The purpose of this presentation is to elaborate and increase readers awareness on the potential solid waste (hazardous, non hazardous and mixed waste) disposal poses to the environment.  Characteristics of waste and types of solid waste  Causal of increase in solid waste  Waste treatment and disposal  Environment impacts of solid and liquid wastes  Preventive measures

3. Solid waste is defined as any garbage, refuse, sludge from waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other materials, including solid, liquid, semisolid, contained gaseous resulting from industrials, commercials, mining and agricultural operations from community activities ( Moeller, 2005). Liquid waste is any unwanted material that is generated in or converted to, a liquid form for disposal. It includes point source and non-point source.

5. Corrosive: these are wastes that include acids or bases that are capable of corroding metal containers, e.g. tanks Ignitability: this is waste that can create fires under certain condition, e.g. waste oils and solvents Reactive: these are unstable in nature, they cause explosions, toxic fumes when heated. Toxicity: waste which are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb.

6.  Non Hazardous waste: refuse, garbage, sludge, municipal trash.  Hazardous waste: solvents acid, heavy metals, pesticides, and chemical sludges  Radioactive: high and low-level radioactive waste  Mixed waste: Radioactive organic liquids, radio active heavy metals. ” ( Moeller, 2005).

7. Waste treatmentWaste disposal  Incineration  Solidification  Heat treatment:  Chemical treatment  Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press  Landfills  Underground injection wells  Waste piles  land treatment  In less developed countries flowing rivers

8.  Incineration:  Solidification: solid waste are melted or evaporated to produce a sand like residue.  Heat treatment: Heat applied at moderate temperature, is used in treating volatile solvents.  Chemical treatment: is the application of chemical treatment in the treatment of corrosive solid.

9.  Landfills: waste is placed into or onto the land in disposal facilities.  Underground injection wells: waste are injected under pressure into a steel and concrete-encased shafts placed deep in the earth.  Waste piles: is accumulations of insoluble solid, non flowing hazard waste. Piles serves as temporary or final disposal.

10.  land treatment: is a process in which solid waste, such as sludge from wastes is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface.  Waste are disposed in flowing rivers in less developed countries. Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press

12.  Population growth  Increase in industrials manufacturing  Urbanization  When the population increases, there is a possibility for people to go in the agricultural field of work and this can result in more waste being produced from agriculture.  Growth in the agricultural sector.

13.  SOLID WASTE SUCH AS MANURE FROM THE PEN OF PIGS AND CHICKENS CAN BE USED AS ORGANIC FERTILIZERS WHEN DOING FARM WORK.  THE TRASH FROM THE SUGAR CANE CAN BE FURTHER PROCCESSED TO MAKE BOARDS.  CUT GRASS CAN BE PLACED ON FARMS TO DO MULCHING.

14.  DEAD ANIMAL’S WASTE CAN BE USED AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND IT CAN ALSO BE USED AS BIOFUEL

15. Exposures occurs through  Ingestion of contaminated water or food  Contact with disease vectors  Inhalation  Dermal

16.  Soil adsorption, storage and biodegrading  Plant uptake  Ventilation  Runoff  Leaching  Insects, birds, rats, flies and animals  Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas, rivers and lakes results in the plants and animals that feed on it

17. Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury.

18.  Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers.  Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds  Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.  Degrades water and soil quality

19.  Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas  Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable  Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping of agricultural wastes, Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them.  U.S. Environment Protection Agency (2009)

20.  Proper management of solid and liquid waste.  Involving public and farmers in plans for waste treatment and disposal.  Provide the farmers with accurate, useful information about the whole projects, including the risks and maintain formal communication with them  Educate agricultural organizations on different ways of handling waste.

21. Waste Minimization is a process of reducing waste produce by individuals, communities and companies, which reduces the impact of chemical wastes on the environment to the greatest extent. Multi-lateral agreements. Moeller,2005