1980s- present: Peace Process and Challenges of the Future

Chronology 1982: Israeli invasion of Lebanon 1987: Palestinian uprising (intifada) in the Occupied Territories 1991: Gulf War and Madrid Conference 1993: Oslo Accords 1996: election of Netanyahu and beginning of breakdown of Accords 1998: Wye River 2000: the other Camp David and al-Aqsa intifada 2002: invasion and re-occupation of Palestinian lands 2003: new Israeli and possibly Palestinian elections

Background: situation in the Occupied territories, 1970s-1908s (L) Beach Camp (Gaza), (M) Identity cards for Palestinians, (R) Gaza alley House demolition Israeli Soldiers, al-`Amari Camp Ramallah

Occupied Territories, 1970s-1980s Economic situation –Captive labor force –taxes Political situation –Settlements: : : 6,000 Repression and control –Land confiscations, house demolitions –Movement restrictions (identity cards, etc) –Imprisonment: administrative detention –1976 elections Palestinian politics and development of civil society

Light gray = Israeli Civil and security Control Dark gray = Palestinian autonomous area Medium gray = Palestinian Autonomous area but joint control With Israel Blue circles, square, triangles = Israeli settlements

Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 1982 Goals of “Peace for Galilee” Issue of deceit (Sharon) Chronology of events –June 6 attack –Siege of Beirut (summer) –Ceasefire, Aug. 18 –Election (Aug) of Gemayel, assassination (Sep. 14) –Sabra and Shatila massacre (Sep ) Marines and bombing, 1983

Effects of invasion PLO and Palestinians Israel Lebanon Groundwork for intifada

The intifada: some points Political opening Standing of Palestinians Gulf War and change of course

The intifada “There was something in the air” Stages and tactics: organized resistance; civil disobedience; strikes; leaflets; economic boycott; demonstrations Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) Islamist element; Hamas Gaza: 42% land expropriated since % population on land one fifteenth size of West Bank

Political demands and international arena Fourteen Points –Independent state/PLO –Coexistence w/Israel (recognition; two-state) –International conference (UN) –Stop settlements and land confiscations –Cancel special taxes 1988 Palestine National Council (Algiers –Declaration of Palestinian state (recognition) –Acceptance of 242 and 338 US-PLO dialogue (called off 1989) Repression, 1989 Labor withdrawal from national unity government, 1989 Changing directions, 1990 and invasion of Kuwait

The Gulf War: background Regional tensions Iraq-Kuwait tensions Iraq’s appeal to deeper grievances in the region All of above led to attack, Aug. 2, 1990

The war Desert Shield (Oct. ’90) Desert Storm (Nov.); offensive begins Jan. 16 War finished: Feb. 27, 1991 The Aftermath: uprisings (Shiites, Kurds) “Safe havens,” May 1991

Aftermath UN Security Council Resolution 687: –UN inspections –Return of stolen property/compensation –1963 boundaries –Embargo on food &emergency goods lifted –Ban on oil and export to be negotiated Casualties, damage, politics, refugees “New world order”?

Toward Peace….? Situation of PLO Madrid Conference (Oct., 1991) Situation of Israel (loan guarantees, Labor victory, June 1992) Oslo: secret talks (winter 1993) H aidar Abd al-Shafi and Hanan Ashrawi

Oslo Accords: in theory Declaration of Principles (DOP) 5-yr interim agreement: –Withdrawal from Gaza- Jericho –Council election –Redeployment –Permanent status negotiations (slated for )

Oslo Accords: reality 1994 Jordan agreement Nov. 4, 1995 Rabin assassination Spring ’96: bus bombings, Lebanon adventure, Netanyahu elected March 1997 settlement construction More bombings

Problems/critique of Oslo Inequality; lack of reciprocity Vagueness; unequal balance Autonomy: people not territory Military law Israeli control issues (Council, e.g.) Israeli security issues

Effects Restrictions and closures Land expropriations Economy Disillusionment Failure of Wye, Camp David II (August 2000) Sharon’s visit to Al-Aqsa/Temple Mount (Sep. 2000) and al-Aqsa intifada Invasion and re-occupation

Proposed map of Camp David II (summer 2000) Orange = proposed Palestinian sovereignty Light tan = initially Israeli-designated Security zone, to be transferred to Palestinian sovereignty Blue areas and blue triangles = Israeli Cities and settlements shown projected size Blue lines (==) = network of existing Or planned Israeli thoroughfares

Where are we now? Bus bombing by Hamas