Advantages of Dynamic Routing over Static Routing : Advertise only the directly connected networks. Updates the topology changes dynamically. Administrative work is reduced. Used in medium & large networks. Dynamic Routing

Distance Vector Protocol Link State Protocol Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol) Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm. Classfull routing protocol. Full Routing tables are exchanged. Routing updates are sent at periodic intervals. Updates are sent through broadcast IP address. Also known as “Routing By Rumor” Example: RIP-v1, IGRP. Distance Vector Protocols

Uses Dijkstra’s algorithm. Classless routing protocol. First time full Database tables are exchanged, later only changed link state information is exchanged. Incremental / Flash updates. Updates are sent through multicast IP address. Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence” Example : OSPF, IS-IS. Link State Protocols

Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm) Classless routing protocols Missing routes are exchanged Incremental updates Updates are sent through multicast IP address Also known as “ Routing by Intelligence” Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2 Hybrid Protocols

Open Standard Protocol Classfull routing protocol Updates are sent on broadcast IP address Administrative distance is 120 Metric : Hop count Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16 Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths) Used for small networks Routing Information Protocol

Update timer : 30 sec –Time between consecutive updates Invalid timer : 180 sec –Time a router waits to hear updates –The route is marked unreachable if there is no update during this interval. Flush timer : 240 sec –Time before the invalid route is purged from the routing table Rip Timers

RIP - Network Diagram LAN /24LAN – /24LAN /24 E /24 E / /8 S0 S / /8 S0 S /8 HYDCHEBAN E /24

More Bandwidth utilization for sending updates Doesn’t consider the bandwidth in metric calculation, uses only hop counts Slow convergence Formation of Routing loops Disadvantages of RIP

Routing loops Routing loops are formed due to the default behavior of RIP, where it exchanges the complete routing tables with its neighbors or due to slow network convergence.

Routing Loop Avoidance There are three in-built mechanisms which avoids routing loops in Distance-Vector Routing Protocols 1.Route Poisoning –It is a mechanism to inform about unreachable routes to neighbors. 2. Split Horizon –A Route learned through an interface is never advertised back on the same interface it learned. 3. Hold-down timer –Timer set to avoid inconsistent updates.  Flash update (Triggered update) : Route will use flash update to intimate topology changes to neighbor.

Comparison between RIPv1 & RIPv2 Classfull routing protocol Do not advertise subnet mask information in routing update It works with broadcasting ( ) It does not support authentication Classless routing protocol Advertise subnet mask information in routing updates It works with multicasting( ) Supports authentication RIP-v1RIP-v2

exit Hyderabad(config-if)# Hyderabad(config)# telnet ================================ Welcome to Hyderabad Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal interface serial 0 ip address no shut clockrate encapsulation hdlc Hyderabad> password : Hyderabad# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Hyderabad(config)# Hyderabad(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ] (C) Copyright Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router Directly Connected Networks on HYDERABAD Router Diagram

Hyderabad(config)# router rip Hyderabad(config-router)# network network no ip routing Hyderabad(config)# ip routing Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Diagram

show ip route Hyderabad# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set C /8 is directly connected, Serial0 R /8 [120/1] via , 00:00:25, Serial0 C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:25, Serial0 R /24 [120/2] via , 00:00:25, Serial0 Hyderabad# ^ Z Hyderabad(config)# router rip Hyderabad(config-router)# network Hyderabad(config-router)#network no ip routingHyderabad(config)# ip routing R – for RIP routes 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance Metric of Rip Hop Count Metric of Rip Hop Count Diagram

show ip protocols Hyderabad# Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet Serial Routing for Networks: Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update :00:00 Distance: (default is 120) Hyderabad# Diagram

Chennai(config-if)# ================================ Welcome to Chennai Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal ip address no shut encapsulation hdlc interface serial 0 Chennai> password : Chennai# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Chennai(config)# Chennai(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ] (C) Copyright Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... Chennai(config-if)# telnet interface serial 1 ip address no shut encapsulation hdlc Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router Diagram

Chennai(config)# router rip Chennai(config-router)# network network no ip routing Chennai(config)# ip routing network Chennai(config-router)# Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Diagram

show ip route Chennai# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set C /8 is directly connected, Serial1 C /8 is directly connected, Serial0 R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:01, Serial1 C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R /24 [120/1] via , 00:00:12, Serial0 Chennai# ^ Z Chennai(config)# router rip Chennai(config-router)# network Chennai(config-router)#network no ip routingChennai(config)# ip routing network Chennai(config-router)# R – for RIP routes 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance Metric of Rip Hop Count Metric of Rip Hop Count Diagram

show ip protocols Chennai# Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet Serial Serial Routing for Networks: Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update :00: :00:03 Distance: (default is 120) Chennai# Diagram

exit Banglore(config-if)# Banglore(config)# ================================ Welcome to Banglore Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** **** enable configure terminal ip address no shut clockrate encapsulation hdlc Banglore> password : Banglore# Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Banglore(config)# Banglore(config-if)# Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version ] (C) Copyright Microsoft Corp. C:\> Connecting..... telnet interface serial 1 Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router Directly Connected Networks on Banglore Router Diagram

Banglore(config)# router rip Banglore(config-router)# network network no ip routing Banglore(config)# ip routing Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network Diagram

show ip route Banglore# Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set R /8 [120/1] via , 00:00:04, Serial1 C /8 is directly connected, Serial1 R /24 [120/2] via , 00:00:04, Serial1 R /16 [120/1] via , 00:00:04, Serial1 C /24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 Banglore# ^ Z Banglore(config)# router rip Banglore(config-router)# network Banglore(config-router)#network no ip routingBanglore(config)# ip routing R – for RIP routes 120 is nothing but Administrative Distance Metric of Rip Hop Count Metric of Rip Hop Count Diagram

show ip protocols Banglore# Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet Serial Routing for Networks: Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update :00:06 Distance: (default is 120) Banglore# Diagram

ping Hyderabad# Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Hyderabad# !!!!! ping Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Hyderabad# !!!!! Diagram

ping Chennai# Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Chennai# !!!!! ping Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Chennai# !!!!! Diagram

ping Banglore# Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Banglore# !!!!! ping Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds: Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms Banglore# !!!!! Diagram