1. 1 Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes Static Route Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes

2. 2 Default Route Example Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol. Network Protocol Destination Network Connected RIP IGRP 10.120.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.17.3.0 Exit Interface E0 S0 S1 Routed Protocol: IP Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP 172.17.3.0 172.16.1.010.120.2.0 E0 S0

3. 3 Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols Autonomous System 100 Autonomous System 200 IGPs: RIP, IGRP EGPs: BGP –An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain –IGPs operate within an autonomous system –EGPs connect different autonomous systems

4. 4 Split Horizon ABC 10.1.0.010.2.0.010.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0S0 S1S0E0 X XX Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 1 1 2 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 E0 S0 1 1 2 2 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 S0 S1 E1 1 1 2 2 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original packet came

5. 5 Poison Reverse ABC 10.1.0.010.2.0.010.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0S0 S1S0E0 X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 1 1 2 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 Infinity Routing Table 10.1.0.0 E0 S0 1 1 2 2 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 S0 S1 E1 1 1 2 2 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 Routers set the distance to infinity if the destination is routed on that link

6. 6 Hold-Down Timers Router keeps an entry for the network down state, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this topology change Network 10.4.0.0 is down then back up then back down Update after hold-down Time Update after hold-down Time Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachableABC 10.1.0.010.2.0.010.3.0.010.4.0.0 E0S0 S1S0E0 X Update after hold-down Time Update after hold-down Time

7. 7 Triggered Updates Nodes send messages as soon as they notice a change in their routing table ABC 10.2.0.010.3.0.010.4.0.0 E0S0 S1S0E0 X Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable 10.1.0.0

8. 8 Hybrid Routing Share attributes of both distance-vector and link-state routing Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Converge rapidly using change-based updates Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Converge rapidly using change-based updates Balanced Hybrid Routing

9. 9 Dynamic Routing Configuration –Defines an IP routing protocol Router(config)#router protocol [keyword] Mandatory configuration command for each IP routing process Identifies the physically connected network that routing updates are forwarded to Router(config-router)#network network-number

10. 10 RIP Overview 19.2 kbps T1 –Hop count metric selects the path –Routes update every 30 seconds

11. 11 RIP Configuration Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network network-number Selects participating attached networks The network number must be a major classful network number

12. 12 Displaying the IP Routing Table RouterA#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets R 10.2.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2 C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2 R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2 172.16.1.1 S2E0S3 192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 10.1.1.2 S2S3 10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A BC 192.168.1.0 E0

13. 13 debug ip rip Command 172.16.1.1 S2E0S3 192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 10.1.1.2 S2S3 10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A BC 192.168.1.0 E0 RouterA#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on RouterA# 00:06:24: RIP: received v1 update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:06:24: 10.2.2.0 in 1 hops 00:06:24: 192.168.1.0 in 2 hops 00:06:33: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:06:34: network 10.0.0.0, metric 1 00:06:34: network 192.168.1.0, metric 3 00:06:34: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:06:34: network 172.16.0.0, metric 1

14. 14 IGRP Composite Metric 19.2 kbps Source Destination –Bandwidth –Delay –Reliability –Loading –MTU

15. 15 Configuring a Serial Line Enter global configuration mode Specify interface Set DCE clock rate (optional) Set bandwidth (optional) Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000 Router(config-if)# Router(config)#interface serial 1 Router(config-if)# Router#configure term Router(config)# Router(config-if)#bandwidth 56 Router(config-if)#exit Router(config)#exit Router#

16. 16 Configuring IGRP Router(config-router)#network network-number Selects participating attached networks Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol Router(config-router)#traffic-share { balanced | min } Control how load-balanced traffic is distributed Router(config-router)#variance multiplier Control IGRP load balancing

17. 17 debug ip igrp transaction Command 172.16.1.1 S2E0S3 192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 10.1.1.2 S2S3 10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A BC 192.168.1.0 E0 RouterA#debug ip igrp transactions IGRP protocol debugging is on RouterA# 00:21:06: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:21:06: network 10.0.0.0, metric=88956 00:21:06: network 192.168.1.0, metric=91056 00:21:07: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:21:07: network 172.16.0.0, metric=1100 00:21:16: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:21:16: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956) 00:21:16: network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056)

18. 18 debug ip igrp events Command RouterA#debug ip igrp events IGRP event debugging is on RouterA# 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2 172.16.1.1 S2E0S3 192.168.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 10.1.1.2 S2S3 10.2.2.3 172.16.1.0 A BC 192.168.1.0 E0

19. 19 ip classless Command –With ip classless Default –With no ip classless Drop Router(config)#ip classless S0 Default route 172.16.0.0 E0 10.1.0.0 Network Protocol Destination Network C C RIP 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 172.16.0.0 via 0.0.0.0 Exit Interface E0 S0 S0 E0 10.2.0.0 To get to 10.7.1.1:

20. 20 6 장 문제 풀이

21. 21 6 장 문제 풀이

22. 22 6 장 문제 풀이 Router rip

23. 23 6 장 문제 풀이

24. 24 6 장 문제 풀이

25. 25 6 장 문제 풀이

26. 26 6 장 문제 풀이

27. 27 6 장 문제 풀이

28. 28 6 장 문제 풀이

29. 29 6 장 문제 풀이