Dr. Kayo Devi Yami RONAST STATUS, POTENTIALS AND CHALLENGES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL Dr. Kayo Devi Yami RONAST

TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES For many centuries societies and communities have been using these technologies to alter plants & animal products to produce BETTER FOOD & IMPROVED PRODUCTION without knowing the actual scientific background. DAIRY PRODUCTS (Cheese, Churpi, Curd etc.) FERMENTED VEGETABLE PRODUCTS (Gundruk, Sinke, Pickles etc.) BREWERY TECHNOLOGY(Raksi, Jand, Tomba etc.) PLANT BREEDING

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY MUSHROOM PRODUCTION TISSUE CULTURE BIOFERTILIZERS BIOPROSPECTING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL VACCINE PRODUCTION

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE GOVERNMENT SECTOR Department of Plant Resources Thapathali produced 100,000 plantlets of disease free Banana & Citrus. Tissue culturing of Rauwolfia, Eucalyptus & Jerbera, Swertia, Dalbergia etc Godawari Pioneer Tissue Culture Lab research & development; > 100 protocols for plant tissue culture so far In situ and ex situ conservation of germplasm of improtant medicinal plants

National Agricultural Research Council Potato tissue culture lab producing 200,000 virus free pre-basic potato seeds/year Agricultural Botany Division has initiated anther culture of rice and wheat & also germplasm conservation and diagnostic facilities using PCR technology Dhankuta & Lumle Agriculture Stations also have tissue culture lab facilities

Horticulture Development Project of Department of Agriculture, Kirtipur very good facilities for plant tissue culture work (Japanese Grant), once produced in vitro plantlets of apple rootstocks Institute of Agriculture & Animal Sciences, Rampur plant tissue culture lab facilities (Rockfeller Foundation) but is limited to MSc thesis work only

PRIVATE SECTORS Botanical Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Godawari Nepal Biotech Nursery, Bhainsepati Research Laboratory for Agriculture Biotechnology & Biochemistry (RLABB), Balkhu Microplants, Kamal Pokhari Green Research & Technology (GREAT), New Baneshwor Himalayan Botanical Research Centre (HIMBORCE), Baneshwor

BIOFERTILIZERS Division of Soil Science & Agriculture Chemistry, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar: Commercial production of microbial inoculants like rhizobia, Azotobacter. Royal Nepal Academy of Science & Technology (RONAST), Khumaltar: Research on microbial inoculants like rhizobia, Azotobacter, Endo & Ectomycorrhiza, composting, vermicomposting

MUSHROOM PRODUCTION Nepal Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), Plant Pathology Division, Khumaltar: spawn for button mushroom, research to develop better substrate for better mushroom production and providing training on mushroom cultivation Agriculture Technology Centre, Gwarko producing spawn for Agaricus bisporus, Sitake (Lentinus edodes), Gyanoderma Many unregistered private companies producing mushrooms and spawn RONAST: study of mushroom diversity in Sagarmatha National Park (CNR) DPR: Collection and identification of Nepalese mushrooms around Godawari

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL RONAST has been doing research on BIOPESTICIDES specially of plant origin (Eupatorium adenoforum, Lantana camara, Acorus calamus & Ageratum conyzoides) in collaboration with Department of Agriculture against Aphids BIOINSECTICIDES indigenious strains of Bacillus thuriengensis BIOFUNGICIDES compost & vermicompost tea solution on Foot rot disease of rice and use of above pesticidal plants against club root disease of cauliflower

BIOPROSPECTING RONAST has been doing bioprospecting of Himalayan conifers, Cordyceps sinensis (Yarchagumba) and Taxus bacatta for their antitumor compounds. DPR: phytochemical screening of 12 plant spp. & their antifertility and antihelminthic potential and toxicity test on mice TU Chemistry Division: MSc research work Simhadurbar Baidhya Khana: Crude form of bioprospecting for ayurvedic medicine

ADVANCED MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY RONAST MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS (HLB CITRUS DISEASES) MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATIONS OF: Bacillus thuriengensis Medicinal plants like Swertia Tea clones GMOs

NARC Genetic diversity analysis of isoenzymes in rice, barley, buckwheat, pigeon pea, taro, cucumber, Sweria, Citrus. Application of molecular markers towards development of varities and hybrid in maize RECAST Selection of genotypes of Mulberry & exploitation of genetic yield potential of common Buckwheat ecotypes.

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Central Veterinary Laboratory, Tripureshwor producing vaccine against P.P.R (Pestes des petites Ruminant) disease using tissue culture, rabies vaccine with Japanese grant also exporting to other countries, poultry vaccine, PCR used in disease diagnostic. NARC has been doing animal breeding, embryo transfer and artificial insemination in cattles.

MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY The Leprosy Mission, Nepal: determination of cytokines by ELISA for blood immune response studies in leprosy patients & DNA diagnosis of Mycobacterium leprae by PCR Everest Biotech Pvt. Ltd.: production of specific antibody required for Human Genome Project, England. TU Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj: had used PCR for TB bacteria research work

TU Teaching Hospital: 3 PCRs mainly used for detecting respiratory viruses for the research purpose only Kathmandu University Medical School: Korean visiting scientist once tried to identify AIDS virus by using RT PCR but because of the problem in water the project could not be initiated.

EXISTING MANPOWER Institutions Manpower PhD RONAST 12 2 NARC 13 4 DPR 15 DoA Teaching Institutions (Kathmandu University Tribhuvan University etc.) 23 5 Private Co. (GREAT, LIIBIRD) 6 1 Forensic Lab. 3 RECAST Vetirenary Institute 10 Total 100 18

MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT Bachelors level (BSc) : Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu University and many private campuses have been delivering BSc courses in Biotechnology. Masters level (MSc) : Tribhuvan University is going to open MSc courses in Biotechnology from middle of 2006 NOTE : National Planning Commision has provided $ 2,00,000 to KU for BSc & $ 70,000 to TU for MSc programmes.

BUDGET (RONAST) Fiscal year Total S & T budget Biotechnology budget 2002/2003 $120,000 (INRA-$21,000; SETS - $70,000) $26,000 2003/2004 $31,000 $6,000 2004/2005 $44,000 $ 23,000 (CNR & allowances) 2005/2006 $28,000 $ 12,000

BUDGET OF OTHER INSTITUTIONS Budget per year Division of Agriculture Botany, NARC, Khumaltar $15,000 Biotechnology Laboratory of Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali and Godawari $10,000 Phytochemical and microbial screening at DPR

POTENTIALS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGIES Genetic material of one sp. can be inserted into another, crossing natural barriers that were previously impossible. BETTER CROPS RESISTANT TO INSECTS RESISTANT TO DISEASES EVEN TO NATURAL CALAMITIES LIKE DROUGHT

SOLUTIONS TO THE THREAT OF HUNGER BY HELPING TO INCREASE FOOD PRODUCTION & MALNUTRITION BY CREATING RICE THAT PROVIDES VITAMIN A & IRON MAKING AGRICULTURE MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE THROUGH PEST RESISTANT CROPS

BIOPROSPECTING Research for new chemicals in living things that will have some medical or commercial use a high risk area for investors but can have massive returns Of the world's 25 top-selling pharmaceuticals, 10 originally sourced from animals, plants or micro-organisms (in 1995, these accounted for nearly $US14 billion in global sales ) Pharmaceutical companies and agribusiness use indigenous knowledge as a precursor to screening, and this is happening with little regard for the protection of indigenous intellectual property and with no equitable sharing of profits

CHALLENGES OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY HEALTH RISKS POISED BY GMO CROPS POTENTIAL ENVIRONMETAL IMPACTS OF THE RELEASE OF GMOS LEADING TO SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES FOR THE BIODIVERSITY THAT MANY COMMUNITIES RELY ON FOR THEIR FOOD, LIVELIHOODS AND CULTURAL SURVIVAL

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOSAFETY POLICIES Ministry of Environment, Science & Technology had submitted a Biotechnology Policy to the cabinet four years ago for the Govt approval but has not yet been approved. The Ministry of Forest & Soil Conservation aims to develop & formulate the Biosafety Policy, legal & administrative framework to safeguard the biological diversity, human health and environment from the adverse effects of GMOs & their products in accord with the CBD CPB.

PROBLEMS LACK OF QUALIFIED MANPOWER & BRAIN DRAIN LACK OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES, RULES & REGULATIONS LACK OF ADEQUATE FUNDINGS LACK OF PROPER INFRASTRUCTURES FAILURE TO IMPLIMENT RECOMMENDATIONS PROPOSED BY VARIOUS TASK FORCES LACK OF INVOLVEMENT OF PRIVATE SECTOR AND TEACHING INSTITUTIONS

THE APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRUGS AND VACCINES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRY LIKE OURS IS AN EXPENSIVE AND LONG TERM INVESTMENT

IMMEDIATE ATTENTION STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURES AT DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN COLLABORATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

VOTE OF THANKS RECAST & AUDIENCE