1. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL
A SYNOPSIS
Professor Dr. Sarbajna Man Tuladhar
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST)
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.

2. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL A SYNOPSIS
Country paper presented at Expert Group Meeting on “Biotechnology Information Network for Asia” (BINASIA) January 2006, Bangkok, Thailand organized by UN APCTT, KRIBB in cooperation with BIOTEC, Thailand.

3. 1. INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology has been around us for centuries. In industrialized countries, modern biotechnology has become well advanced.
In the last decade of the 20th century, Nepal witnessed several biotechnology-derived products in the market :
Human health care products
Seeds and plants of high yielding variety of agricultural and horticultural crops
Food products and drugs
Improved livestock
Animal health care products
THEY ENTERED INTO THE COUNTRY FROM THE NEIGHBOURING AND THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.

4. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY HAS ENTERED INTO NEPAL LIKE BANDWAGON AND EVERYBODY IS JUMPING ONTO IT.
IN FACT BIOTECHNOLGY PROGRAMMES ARE RUNNING WITHOUT ANY POLICIES AND PLANS.
MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL IS STILL IN A STATE OF INFANCY.

5. 2. THE CONCERNED MINISTRIES
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation
Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Education and Sports
Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supply

6. 3. PRESENT STATUS OF DIFFERENT AREAS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

7. 3.1 PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
MAJOR BIOTECHNOLOGY ACTIVITY OF PUBLIC AS WELL AS PRIVATE SECTORS.
PUBLIC LABORAORIES DEVELOPED PROTOCOLS FOR IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES.
PRIVATE LABORATORIES PRODUCED ELITE PLANTS COMMERCIALLY USING PROTOCOLS DEVELOPED BY PUBLIC LABORATORIES.

8. 3.1.1 PUBLIC SECTOR INITIATIONS
PROMINENT LABORATORIES
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT RESOURCES (DPR)
First tissue culture laboratory established at Godawari to initiate and promote plant tissue culture in 1976.
Developed protocols for tissue culture propagation of more than 100 plant species including orchids, agricultural and horticultural trees, ornamental plants, and bamboo.

9. Most important achievement is the development of sand rooting technique – the tissue-cultured micro shoots can be rooted in the non-sterile sand.
Sand rooting technique is easy, cheap, less time consuming, economic, conveniently done in nurseries, can easily be established for field plantation.
Provides tissue culture training for entrepreneurs. Consequently four private plant tissue culture factories have been established.

10. 2. NEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL (NARC)
Potato Research Program (PRP) with the assistance of Swiss Development Corporation has been producing virus-free pre-basic seeds of potato at its tissue culture laboratories and green house facilities at Khumaltar.
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE BOTANY of NARC has initiated some works on
anther culture of rice and wheat,
germ plasm conservation and diagnostic facilities
using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology.
Established tissue culture laboratories at regional agricultural research stations at Dhankuta (Eastern development region) and Lumle (Mid-western development region) to promote micropropagaton.

11. 3. HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT/ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Tissue culture propagation of apple rootstocks
Micro grafting of sweet orange (JUNAR) for the production of virus-free and greening free plants.
[The facilities remain unused at present]

12. 4. INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCES (IAAS) / T. U.
Established tissue culture facilities with the grant assistance from Rockefeller Foundation.
Assisting thesis works for M. Sc. Degree.

13. 3.1.2 UNIVERSITY SECTOR ACTIVITIES
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY/ TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
Tissue culture propagation of different medicinal plants.
Anther culture.
Rhizobium inoculation in leguminous plants

14. 3.1.3. PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIONS
BOTANICAL ENTERPRISES PVT. LTD.
In vitro propagation of many species of orchid, potato, fodder, Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, African violet, Lily etc.
Export directly to The Netherlands.
NEPAL BIOTECH NURSERY
Produce banana, orchid, and ornamental plants by tissue culture and non-sterile sand rooting technique.

15. 3. RESEARCH LABORATORY FOR AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (RALBB)
Tissue culture propagation for pine, Artocarpus, Brassica.
Anther culture of cold tolerant rice
Modest facilities for DNA work by PCR technology and enzyme analysis.
Facilities used for research and teaching.

16. 4. MICROPLANTS NEPAL PVT. LTD.
Commercial propagation of banana, orchid, lily, mums etc.
5. GREEN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (GREAT)
Developing virus testing and elimination facilities on horticultural crops such as potato, citrus, banana, cardamom, strawberry, and some ornamental plants using tissue culture techniques.
Has modest screen-house facility for indexing against citrus greening disease.

17. Cleaned two potato cultivars of Bangladesh namely Petronese and Multa from potato viruses such as PVX and PVY.
Cleaned three leading cultivars of large cardamom (Amomum subutalum) namely Ramshahi, Golshahi, and Dambarshahi from Chhirke and Furke viruses.
Virus-free plants derived from meristem culture are available for further multiplication.

18. HIMALAYAN BOTANICAL RESEARCH CENTRE (HIMBORCE)
Established infrastructure for micropropagation of medicinal and ornamental plants indigenous to Nepal.
Embarking upon micropropagation of Gladiolus.

19. 3.2 BIOFERTILIZERS
ROYAL NEPAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RONAST)
Developed Rhizobium inoculant technology for pulses (lentils).
Developed microbial inoculant technology for composting.
Use of ecto and endomycorrhiza in conservation of forest soils.
Quality production of organic fertilizers.

20. 2. DIVISION OF SOIL SCIENCE / NARC
Production and distribution of legume inoculant packets for more than a decade.
Distributed 2627 Rhizobium inoculant packets to the farmers for important pulse and pasture crops.
3. DIVISION OF PLANT PATHOLOGY / NARC
Engaged in spawn production technology for mushroom culture using two genera namely Agaricus and Pleurotus.

21. RESEARCH CENTRE FOR APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RECAST) / T. U.
Improvement of traditional composting technology.
An integrated approach for the utilization of municipality solid wastes.

22. 5. CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF
MICROBIOLOGY / T. U
AND
6. CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY / T. U.
Impact of industrial waste on land and water pollution.

23. 3.3 BIOPESTICIDES
ROYAL NEPAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RONAST)
Several isolations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) from Nepalese soils for biological control of Lepidoptera caterpillar in crucifer vegetables.
Field trial of indigenous pesticide plants like Eupatorium adenophorum, Lantana camara, Azadirachta indica etc. in collaboration with Department of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture).

24. 2. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY / NARC
Reported efficacy of Acorus calamus (Root powder), neem oil (Azadiractin, 0.15%), and neem seed extract (Azadiracta monotetala) against storage insect like Sitophilus zeamais.
3. RESEARCH CENTRE FOR APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / T. U.
Survey of plant pesticides for grain storage.

25. 3.4 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THE LEPROSY MISSION, NEPAL
Determination of cytokines by ELISA for blood immune response studies in leprosy patients.
DNA diagnosis of Mycobacterium leprae by PCR.
CENTRAL VETERINARY LABORATORY
Vaccine production against PPR (Pestes des Petites Ruminant) using tissue culture.

26. NEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL (NARC)
Performing embryo transfer and artificial insemination in cattle.
EVEREST BIOTECH PVT. LTD.
Production of specific antibody required of Human Genome Project, England.

27. 5. CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY/
T.U.
Antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants.
Study of specific inhibitors for proteolytic enzymes.
Taxol from endophytes of Himalayan conifers.

28. 6. CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY / T. U.
Antimicrobial activities of some plant extracts.
7. RESEARCH CENTRE FOR APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / T. U.
Bioprospecting of ethno medicinal plants of Nepal for the conservation of biological and cultural resources.

29. 3.5 DISEASE DIAGNOSTICS
ROYAL NEPAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RONAST)
Diagnosis of Asian citrus greening diseases or Huanglongbing of citrus using PCR based technique.
Diagnosis of Citrus tristeza virus disease using Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme Linked Imunosorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA) technique.

30. INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCES (IAAS) / T. U.
Diagnosis of viral and bacterial diseases in rice using PCR technology.

31. GREEN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (GREAT)
Use of PCR technology for routine diagnosis of citrus-greening disease (Huanglongbing).
Provides training on virus testing using DAS-ELISA and biological indicator plants for the diagnosis of Huanglongbin on citrus.

32. 3.6 BIOENERGY AND BIOCONVERSION TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH CENTR FOR APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RECAST) / T. U.
Improvement of biogas production by using weeds such as Eupatorium adenophorum and water hyacinth.
Biofuel from the Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L) for running diesel engine.

33. 3.7 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION
NEPAL AGRICULTURE AND RESEARCH COUNCIL (NARC)
Genetic diversity analysis of Fagopyrum spp. (wild sweet and bitter buckwheat) using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD).
Genetic diversity analysis of isozymes in indigenous crops like rice, finger millet, barley, pigeon pea, buckwheat, taro, cucumber, sponge gourd, citrus, and Swertia spp.

34. ROYAL NEPAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RONAST)
Initiated research work on molecular characterization of medicinal plants like Swertia chirata, Camellia sinensis etc. and microorganisms such as Bacillus thuringiensis.
RESEARCH CENTRE FOR APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RECAST)
Selection of appropriate genotypes of Mulberry and exploitation of genetic yield potential of common buckwheat ecotypes.

35. 3.8 FERMENTATION
MAJOR TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL HERITAGE OF NEPAL.
SIGNIFICANT ANCIENT BIOTECHNOLOGIES STILL SURVIVING IN NEPAL ARE CONFINED TO
COTTAGE INDUSTRY SCALE OR
INDIVIDUAL FAMILY CONSUMPTION ARE:
Fermentation and distillation of characteristic alcoholic drinks from millet (KODO), rice, brown sugar (SAKHAR) by using indigenous yeast.
The traditional process of making yeast is still a closely guarded secret.

36. Fermentation of leafy vegetables into GUNDRUK, the favourite food specialties of rural Nepalese.
GUNDRUK from the leaves of mustard, radish or cauliflower.
SINKI from radishes cut into pieces.
SINAMANI from the whole radishes without their leaves cut out.
Browning of rice into HAKUWA or HAKUJAKI (literally meaning black rice) by indigenous fermentation.

37. Production of jute (NALU) from the bark of the hemp through fermentation process.
Production of yogurt (DAHI) and hard cheese (CHHURPI).
Dungs used as fertilizers and dung cakes used as fuel for cooking.
Interesting to note that traditional biotechnology is being conserved predominantly by womenfolk.

38. 3.9 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS/ PROCESSES
1. COMMERCIAL / SEMI-COMMERCIAL
Tissue culture raised plantlets of sisso tree, orchids, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, and virus free banana and citrus.
COTTAGE INDUSTRY LEVEL
Characteristic alcohol from millet (KODO), rice, and brown sugar (SAKHAR).
Fermented vegetables – GUNDRUK, SINKI, SINAMANI.
Yogurt (DAHI) and Hard Cheese (CHHURPI).

39. 3.10 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ACADEMIA
AT UNDERGRADUATE LEVEL
Biotechnology is taught only as a small part of the course unit.
AT GRADUATE / POST-GRADUATE LEVEL
Central Department of Botany, T. U. – M. Sc. Thesis works in tissue culture.
Central Department of Microbiology, T. U. – M. Sc. thesis works in agriculture biotechnology, medical biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, genomics, and proteomics.

40. Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, T. U
Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, T. U. – thesis works in diagnosis of viral and bacterial diseases in rice using PCR technology.
Two year M. Sc. in Biotechnology –opening soon in Tribhuvan University, the oldest and largest university of Nepal.
Kathmandu University – B. Sc. with specialization in Biotechnology.
Purbanchal University – B. Sc. with specialization in Biochemistry (with more emphasis on Biology).
Pokhara University – B. Sc. with specialization in Biochemistry (with more emphasis on Chemistry).

41. 3.11 HUMAN RESOURCES 3.12 NATIONAL ORGANISM BANK
Persons specialized in biotechnology are only nominal.
Most biotechnology activities are due to personnel specialized in Agriculture and Botany.
3.12 NATIONAL ORGANISM BANK
Established in 1985 at Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology.
Objectives: Isolation, identification, and maintenance of the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria).
Acts as a depository to supply authentic microbial cultures for the use in various research activities of research organizations, universities, and industries. This is an attempt to conserve and utilize microbial genetic resources of the country.

42. 3.13 BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION NETWORK
Biotechnological research findings and activities are communicated through occasional papers and annual reports published by respective organizations or national journals.
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology plans to develop the information networking in Biotechnology.
A resource centre as the focal point of SAARC Technical Committee on Science and Technology will be developed in due course of time.

43. 3.14 REGULATORY PROCEDURES
Nepal has signed the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety on March 2, 2001.
Focal point for the Biosafety Protocol – Chief of the Environment Division in the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation.
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation has enforced BIOSAFETY REGULATIONS 2062 BS throughout the Kingdom of Nepal on and from May 25, 2005.

44. OTHER PERTINENT LEGISLATIONS
- Export Import (Control) Act, 2013 BS.
- Food Act, 2023 BS.
- Plant Protection Act, 2029 BS
- Livestock Feed Products Act, 2033 BS
- Medicine / Drug Act, 2035 BS
- Seed Act, 2045 BS
- Livestock Health and Livestock service act,
2055 BS

45. 3.15 REGULATORY MECHANISM IMPLEMENTING AGENCY
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
Department of Livestock, Animal Quarantine Section and 25 Quarantine check posts / Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.
Plant Quarantine Office, Department of Agriculture/ Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Department of Food Research and Quality Control
RESPONSIBILITY
National Focal Point for the Biosafety Protocol.
For enacting The Livestock Health and Livestock Service Act.
For enacting The Plant Protection Act and The Seed Act.
For checking whether any food products are polluted or of quality below the permissible standard for human consumption.

46. Department of Drug Administration / Ministry of Health
Department of Industry / Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supply
Department of custom / Ministry of Finance
For issuing permission for production, import, export, and clinical trial of new medicines.
For issuing license to establish industry and for export and import of goods.
For issuing of custom clearance of goods only after seeking recommendation or permission letter from the concerned Departments.

47. For dealing with the issues of the LMOs / GMOs, capacity of the above-mentioned ministries should be increased.
CAPACITY BUILDING refers to:
Human resources development
Infrastructure (laboratory and equipments) development
Development of administrative mechanism
Networking of concerned ministries
Formulation of legislation

48. 3.16 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
Nepal has always expressed its solidarity and commitment toward several international efforts related to the environment conservation.
Consequently it has become a signatory to a number of international legal instruments.

49. LEGAL INSTRUMENT
Plant Protection Agreement for the South-East Asia and Pacific Region.
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially waterfowl Habitat.
Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
World Conservation Strategy
World Charter for Nature
DATE SIGNED
27 February 1956
2 February 1971
23 November 1972
3 March 1973
1980
1982

50. 18 November 1983 8 January 1988 22 May 1922 2 March 2001 23 April 2004
International Tropical Timber Agreement.
Agreement on Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific.
Conservation on Biological Diversity.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
World Trade Organization (WTO) member [147th].
18 November 1983
8 January 1988
22 May 1922
2 March 2001
23 April 2004

51. 4. MAJOR CONSTRAINTS
Acute lack of national programme on biotechnology.
Biotechnology programmes are usually dependent on the initiative of a few foreign-trained scholars and enthusiast scientists at home.
National Biotechnology Policy is non-existent as yet. Draft of the Policy prepared by Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology has been years in gestation in the Cabinet.
Lack of qualified and properly trained research and development manpower – the limiting factor both for private and government sectors.
The availability and quality of infrastructures relevant to biotechnology research is negligible.
Lack of public sector-private enterprise links, university-industry interaction, and university-university cooperation.

52. AGRICULTURE / FOOD SECTOR
5. PROSPECTS
Despite serious handicaps, the prospects for growth of biotechnology in Nepal are numerous.
Biotechnology potentials worth mentioning are:
AGRICULTURE / FOOD SECTOR
Plant tissue culture
Biofertilizer
Biopesticide
Animal feeds and supplements from agricultural products
INDUSTRY SECTOR
Food and industrial enzymes
Fermentation products
Bioenergy, biofuel and bioconversion

53. HUMAN HEALTH CARE SECTOR
Development of rapid diagnostic kits and techniques
Production of culture media
Production of monoclonal antibodies
Vaccines against malaria, measles, diarrhoea, jaundice, cholera etc.
Therapeutic agents from local plant resources, for example, anticancer / antitumour drugs, sweeteners, dyes, flavours, fragrances etc.

54. ANIMAL HEALTH CARE SECTOR
Veterinary diagnostics and vaccines
Immunology
Embryo transfer
MINING SECTOR
Mineral leaching is particularly important in the context of Nepal having several mineral deposits scattered all over the country in relatively lower volume of mineral deposits.

55. DNA TECHNOLOGY
Identification and isolation of genes for use in molecular hybridization.
DNA fingerprinting for forensic, diagnosis of genetic disease, paternity analysis, immigration, and citizenship record.
Studies on polymorphism and molecular mapping of endangered and commercial crops.
Development of diagnostic kits.
Selection in breeding programme.
AQUACULTURE
Feeds
Diagnostics

56. HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT SECTOR
Introduction of biotechnology and bioinformatics at the graduate and post graduate levels in universities.
More Ph. D.s at home and abroad.
Academic collaboration with leading universities in the neighbour and abroad.
Develop programmes to foster biotechnology entrepreneurship.

57. ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY
Biological control agents
Urban waste management
Industrial waste treatment
Monitoring tools and biosensors

58. 6.POSSIBLE ROLE OF BINASIA
A SERIOUS CONSTRAINT IS THE LACK OF INFORMATION ON BIOTECHNOLOGIES
NO INSTITUTION HAS DEVELOPED CAPABILITY IN INFORMATION COLLECTION
RETRIEVAL & DISSEMINATION
THEREFORE IT RELIES ON INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES FOR SPECIALIZED INFORMATION

59. SOLUTION TO INFORMATION SHORTAGE
to conduct a thorough literature search on the existing information, which should then be stored in the institutes having the capability to manage information and make it easily accessible to biotechnology researchers. OR
to set up a biotechnology information centre and establish a computer link with institutions in the industrialized countries. However this depends on the willingness of the institutions in the North to share their biotechnological information with those in the South.
PIVOTAL ROLE OF BINASIA
MAKE AVAIL OF PUBLICATIONS WITH FULL TEXT

60. T H A N K Y O U