Unit 3 Overview Art and Society 1815 to 1914

Origins of Romanticism Reaction against Enlightenment - its promises not fulfilled –20 years of war since 1789  Also a reaction to the Industrial Revolution and the new way of life it produced John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Grounds, 1825 The Metropolitan Museum, British Isles, AD, 2005, (August 15, 2005)

Characteristics of Romanticism Rejection of rigid standards and rules (as in classicism) Defiance of conformity Emotion rather than reason Feelings, imagination, beauty, exotic history, nature, spiritualism, supernatural, pleasure, pain “precisely situated neither in choice of subjects nor in exact truth, but in mode of feeling.” Charles Baudelaire, 1846, poet and art critic

Nationalism and Romanticism Eugene Delacroix, Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi, 1826 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Special Exhibitions, Crossing the Channel, (August 15, 2005) Greece vs. the Ottoman Empire

Delacroix Liberty Leading the People, 1830  Sunset, ca 1850  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Romanticism and the School of Nature, 2005, (August 15, 2005)

German Romanticism Search for identity Nation as homeland National character - common people (volk) Search for unity 1812 Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s folktales were published Germans were under Napoleonic rule “Patriotic attempt to preserve a vital aspect of Germanic culture.” Metropolitan Museum, Central Europe and Low Countries, AD, 2005, (Nov. 6, 2005); Jack Zipes (trans.), The Complete Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm ( Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987), 203. Snow White

Otto Von Bismarck Realpolitik –the politics of reality vs. Romanticism Unification of Germany, 1860s Haus Hohenzollern, 2003, (Nov. 6, 2005)

German Nationalism BBC Education Scotland, History, German States, 1815, n.d., (August 15, 2005) By 1871

Spanish Nationalism vs. France Goya, The Shootings of May 3, 1808 Goya, Colossus

Italian Nationalism Risorgimento - resurrgence of an old desire to unite the Italian states Much of Italy controlled by Austria, some by France Romantic vs. Realpolitik University of South Carolina, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Collection of Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1999, (October 15, 2005) Garibaldi, passionate Italian nationalist

“Italy” Piedmont France Austria Beyond Books, Apex Learning Inc, Italian Unification, Modern European History, 2005, (October 15, 2005)

Nature and Romanticism Nature is not rational Appeals to the senses Subject to wild passions Natural landscapes such as Constable and Turner In poetry the simple beauty of nature can inspire –Wordsworth and Coleridge reaction to industrialization

English Romantic Painting: Joseph Turner Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840 Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, 1844 TheMetropolitan Musem of Art, Joseph Mallord William Turner, 2005, (Sugust 15, 2005) Tate Collection, Turner Collection, nd, (August 15, 2005)

Industrialization Crystal Palace, 1851 Victoria Station, The Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace, 2001, (August 15, 2005); Quarry Bank Mill and Styal Estate, 2001, (August 15, 2005); images/ind_boysloom.jpg Quarry Bank Mill

Factory Work Cotton Mill Oxford Archaeology, Cotton Spinning, 2004, industrial/carding.jpg (August 15, 2005)

Railway Stephenson’s Locomotive, “The Rocket” BBC History Trail, Victorian Britain, Industry and Invention, 2001, industry (August 15, 2005)

No School “Up until the end of the 19th Century there was no law that meant you had to be educated at all. In early Victorian Britain many children never went to school. Parents had to pay for their children to go to school, but many families were too poor to afford this. They sent their children to work in the factories instead.” National Archives, Learning Curve, Snapshots, How We Were Taught, 2000, (October 15, 2005)

Child Labour Child Coal Miners National Archives Learning Curve, Victorian Britain, Industrial Nation, Source 4, n.d., (October 15, 2005)

Women Miners National Archives Learning Curve, Victorian Britain, Divided Nation, Source 3, (October 15, 2005) Mr. Sadler’s witness statement in Lord Ashley’s Report, 1842

Cities George Cruikshank, London Going Out of Town, 1829 Spartacus Educational, British History , n.d., (October 15, 2005); National Archives, Learning Curve, Snapshots, Victorian Homes, n.d., (October 15, 2005) “At the start of the 19th Century about 20% of Britain’s population lived there, but by 1851 half the population of the country had set up home in London.”

Ideologies Expansion of Democracy –Liberalism –New liberalism –Suffrage Socialism British Houses of Parliament

Socialism Marxists.org Internet Archive, n.d., (August 15, 2005); The History Guide, 2005, (August 15, 2005) Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto, 1848

Art - Impressionism Renoir, Young People in the Street, ca The Metropolitan Museum, The Age of Impressionism, 2005, (August 15, 2005) Degas, Three Dancers, ca. 1898

Art - Realism Honoré-Victorin Daumier, The Third- Class Carriage, ca. 1863–65 The Metropolitan Museum, Nineteenth Century French Realism, 2005, (August 15, 2005)

New Imperialism Sepoy Mutiny - Indians vs. Britain, 1857 Bronx Community College Department of History, n.d., His10/Course/lucknow.jpg (August 15, 2005) The “Scramble for Africa”

Imperialism in Art Gauguin, Two Women, 1901 or 1902 Commodore Perry arriving in Yokohama, Japan, 1854 The Metropolitan Museum, The Annenberg Collection of Impressionist and Postimpressionist Masterpieces, 2005, (August 15, 2005); Ibiblio, A Brief History of the Perry Expedition to Japan, 1853, n.d., Dip/Perry/img/Perry-3.jpg (August 15, 2005)

Japanese Influence Toshusai Sharaku, OtaniOniji II, 1794 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge: La Goulue and Her Sister, 1892 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Japonisme, 2005, (august 15, 2005) 

Social Darwinism Darwin’s idea of “survival of the fittest” Misapplied to human society, economics, politics Used to justify imperialism in that whites were considered “better”, more evolved PBS, Evolution, In the Name of Darwin,2001, (Nov. 6, 2005)

Technology and Imperialism National Archives Learning Curve, Living in the British Empire - India, n.d., 4s9.htm (October 15, 2005) Railway Bridge, India, circa 1900

Red Rubber King Leopold II of Belgium Mark Dummet, King Leopold’s Legacy of DR Congo Violence. Feb. 24, BBC News. (June 24, 2010).

Culmination The 19th Century culminates in 1914 with World War I: –imperialism –nationalism –militarism –alliance system BBC, BBC AS Guru English, n.d., (Nov. 6, 2005)