Biology Journal 2/3/2014 What does a restriction enzyme do? How is it used in electrophoresis to make a DNA profile?

What is a karyotype? What can it be used to find? A karyotype can be used to find chromosomal mutations and also gender. Having an extra 21 st chromosome (called trisomy 21) causes Down syndrome. This is caused by nondisjunction during meiosis Biology Journal 2/4/2014

Different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. How many do humans have? Human karyotype. What is the gender? Are there any chromosomal mutations? fruit fly karyotype

Is there a chromosomal mutation in this karyotype? If so, what would we call it?

Yes! This is nondisjunction (specifically, Kelinfelter syndrome), because this person has 3 sex chromosomes. Thus, the sex chromosomes failed to separate properly during anaphase (separation of sister chromatids) of meiosis I or meiosis II.

Assessment statement Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA State that, in gel electrophoresis, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and also in forensic investigations Analyse DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity or forensic investigations Outline three outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome. 4.4 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Assessment statement State that, when genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or other cell), restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and DNA ligase.  The use of E. coli in gene technology is well documented.  Most of its DNA is in one circular chromosome, but it also has plasmids (smaller circles of DNA).  These can be removed and cleaved by restriction enzymes at target sequences.  DNA fragments from another organism can also be cleaved by the same restriction enzyme, and these pieces can be added to the open plasmid and spliced together by ligase.  The recombinant plasmids formed can be inserted into new host cells and cloned State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals. Examples include:  salt tolerance in tomato plants  synthesis of beta-carotene (vitamin A precursor) in rice  herbicide resistance in crop plants and  factor IX (human blood clotting) in sheep milk Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification. 4.4 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (continued)

Assessment statement Define clone Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans. Therapeutic cloning is the creation of an embryo to supply embryonic stem cells for medical use. 4.4 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (continued)

Polymerase Chain Reaction Used to make more copies of DNA, called amplifying. 1.Heat DNA to unzip it 2.Cool DNA and add primers (sequences of DNA where replication can start) 3.Add Polymerase (the enzyme that copies DNA) 4.Repeat! Steps:

What is the relationship between the daughters and these parents?

DNA Profiling Makes a “DNA fingerprint.” Can be used to compare identity, and relationships.

Oops! You forgot to add the restriction enzyme to the DNA before loading it into the electrophoresis chamber. What do you think would happen?

Oops! You hooked up the electric cords to the electrophoresis chamber backwards, reversing the + and – charge. So, what do you think would happen?

Practice IB test question

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Human Genome Project Goal: Identifying the entire sequence (ATCG’s) and location of every human gene (there are about 30,000). 1.It’s not that simple! Traits are complex outcomes of gene interactions (1 gene ≠ 1 trait). 2.We can use genes to: diagnose diseases, risks, and prescribe drugs more effectively. 3.We can compare the genomes between species to learn about evolution Outcomes:

3 Sad Surprises about the Human Genome Project Science Guy explains the significance of the Project and its shortcomings. 3D Animation: DNA Review of transcription and translation, emphasizing what genes can tell us. The Story of You A cartoon briefly summarizing the history of genetics, leading to the Project, and its consequences. Explaining the Human Genome Project A brief summary of the time-consuming initial reading of the genome, to the computer- driven advancements.

Genetic Engineering The genetic code is universal (DNA can be read and translated to proteins by any species). Thus genes can be transferred from one species to another. Take out the gene (DNA sequence) for a glow-in-the-dark protein, and insert it into another organism.

Gene Transfer An example: Engineering E. coli that creates human insulin

Examples of Transgenic Orgamisms OrganismUse RiceStaple crop that contains vitamin A Corn A crop that produces proteins that make insects not eat it TomatoSalt-resistant crop Sheep Livestock that produces human clotting factors in its milk Pigs Livestock that contains few antigens, so tissues can be transplanted into humans State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals.

Cloning A clone is any organism with DNA identical to another. Reproductive cloning: making a new “baby” copy of an adult organism. Therapeutic cloning: growing (culturing) some cells with the same DNA as an adult.

4.4.8 Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells.

What kind of cloning is shown here? How do you know?

The Ethics of Cloning Would you make a clone of yourself to… Treat a horrible disease that you have? Save your own life? Save the life of a loved one? Reproduce? In 2012, this couple paid $155,000 to clone their beloved pet dog who died suddenly. ( pet-dog-paid job-say-new-pup-mannerisms-dead- Labrador.html)