“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Deviance 10e Chapter Eight: MENTAL DISORDER This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Alex Thio

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Introduction About 50% of American adults suffer from a mental disorder during their lifetime About 50% of American adults suffer from a mental disorder during their lifetime Depression is "the common cold of mental illness" Depression is "the common cold of mental illness" Stigma makes getting help difficult for many people Stigma makes getting help difficult for many people

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Popular Beliefs Myths: Myths: mentally ill individuals are extremely weird mentally ill individuals are extremely weird mental illness is hopeless mental illness is hopeless there is a sharp, clear distinction between "mentally ill" and "mentally healthy" there is a sharp, clear distinction between "mentally ill" and "mentally healthy" mentally ill individuals are crazed, violent people mentally ill individuals are crazed, violent people people get more depressed in the winter people get more depressed in the winter

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Types of Mental Disorder Biomedical view of mental illness: mental illness is similar to a physical disease Biomedical view of mental illness: mental illness is similar to a physical disease Accepted by American Psychiatric Association Accepted by American Psychiatric Association Psychological view: mental illness signals emotional problems of psychological origin Psychological view: mental illness signals emotional problems of psychological origin

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Types of Mental Disorder – cont. Psychosis: loss of touch with reality Psychosis: loss of touch with reality Schizophrenia: characterized by thinking and talking in unconventional, illogical, or ambiguous ways; hallucinations (hearing and/or seeing things that do not exist) Schizophrenia: characterized by thinking and talking in unconventional, illogical, or ambiguous ways; hallucinations (hearing and/or seeing things that do not exist) Manic-depressive disorder (or bipolar disorder): fluctuating between 2 opposite extremes of mood - mania, (great elation, exuberance, and excitement), and depression (overwhelming despair) Manic-depressive disorder (or bipolar disorder): fluctuating between 2 opposite extremes of mood - mania, (great elation, exuberance, and excitement), and depression (overwhelming despair)

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Types of Mental Disorder – cont. Neurosis: less severe than psychosis; little distortion of reality; ability to behave in normal way; neurotic symptoms prevent the sufferers from being as happy as they want to be Neurosis: less severe than psychosis; little distortion of reality; ability to behave in normal way; neurotic symptoms prevent the sufferers from being as happy as they want to be 1. anxiety reaction: generalized apprehension; becomes phobia when a specific object (or objects) causes anxiety 2. obsessive compulsive disorder: thoughts that interrupt train of thought; ritualistic action 3. depression: feeling of sadness, dejection, and self- deprecation 4. psychophysiologic disorders: includes hysteria, psychosomatic illness and conversion reaction

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Types of Mental Disorder – cont. Personality disorder: general category of deviant behavior that cannot be diagnosed as psychotic or neurotic Personality disorder: general category of deviant behavior that cannot be diagnosed as psychotic or neurotic blatant disregard for society's rules; thought to be linked to a lack of moral development - failure to develop a conscience, acquire true compassion or learn to form meaningful relationships blatant disregard for society's rules; thought to be linked to a lack of moral development - failure to develop a conscience, acquire true compassion or learn to form meaningful relationships

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Types of Mental Disorder – cont. The DSM-IV classification: lists over 300 mental disorders; by symptoms; help practitioners prescribe appropriate medications The DSM-IV classification: lists over 300 mental disorders; by symptoms; help practitioners prescribe appropriate medications Criticism of manual: Criticism of manual: Merely descriptive Merely descriptive Arbitrarily defines disorders in terms of a specific number of symptoms Arbitrarily defines disorders in terms of a specific number of symptoms Encourages psychiatrists to eliminate symptoms, not causes Encourages psychiatrists to eliminate symptoms, not causes Promotes biological causes over environmental problems Promotes biological causes over environmental problems Defines too many ordinary problems as mental disorders Defines too many ordinary problems as mental disorders

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Figure 8.1 Traditional Classification of Mental Disorders

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Social Factors in Mental Disorder Many social factors have been studied as they relate to mental illness: Many social factors have been studied as they relate to mental illness: class differences class differences gender differences gender differences age age race and ethnicity race and ethnicity urban/rural environment urban/rural environment

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 A Global Perspective on Mental Disorder Types of mental illness varies from culture to culture, e.g.: Types of mental illness varies from culture to culture, e.g.: Latin America: people experience a fear that their souls have left their bodies Latin America: people experience a fear that their souls have left their bodies Malaysia: people suffer from prolonged screaming and swearing when startled Malaysia: people suffer from prolonged screaming and swearing when startled

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Societal Responses to Mental Illness Historically, mentally ill individuals were treated badly, suffering for example, primitive lobotomies Historically, mentally ill individuals were treated badly, suffering for example, primitive lobotomies Phillippe Pinel: 1793, instituted moral treatment of the mentally ill; development of asylums Phillippe Pinel: 1793, instituted moral treatment of the mentally ill; development of asylums Asylums later became dumping grounds for persons with mental problems Asylums later became dumping grounds for persons with mental problems Since 1955, new strategies have emerged Since 1955, new strategies have emerged

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Societal Responses to Mental Illness – cont. Mentally ill persons are often viewed by the general public as dangerous, dirty, unpredictable, worthless, and the brunt of jokes Mentally ill persons are often viewed by the general public as dangerous, dirty, unpredictable, worthless, and the brunt of jokes Courts often put them away in mental institutions or prisons Courts often put them away in mental institutions or prisons involuntary hospitalization involuntary hospitalization incompetent to stand trial incompetent to stand trial insanity defense insanity defense

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Societal Responses to Mental Illness – cont. Mental hospitals are total institutions, where persons are cut off from the larger society and lead enclosed, regimented lives that dehumanize patients Mental hospitals are total institutions, where persons are cut off from the larger society and lead enclosed, regimented lives that dehumanize patients Mental hospitals routinely use tranquilizing and other drugs to alleviate symptoms rather than eliminate the cause of mental disorder Mental hospitals routinely use tranquilizing and other drugs to alleviate symptoms rather than eliminate the cause of mental disorder Community mental health centers provide local care for the emotionally disturbed in the neighborhood Community mental health centers provide local care for the emotionally disturbed in the neighborhood

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Perspectives on Mental Disorder Medical model: interprets mental illness as similar to a physical disease; identifiable/diagnosable causes; treatment similar to physical disease Medical model: interprets mental illness as similar to a physical disease; identifiable/diagnosable causes; treatment similar to physical disease Psychosocial model: Psychosocial model: Psychoanalytic theory: Pioneered by Freud; resulting from conflicts in personality Psychoanalytic theory: Pioneered by Freud; resulting from conflicts in personality Social stress theory: interprets stress as a major contributor to the development of mental disorder Social stress theory: interprets stress as a major contributor to the development of mental disorder

“ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Perspectives on Mental Disorder – cont. Followers of the labeling model believe that a mental disorder is not a sickness but only a label imposed upon some disturbing behaviors Followers of the labeling model believe that a mental disorder is not a sickness but only a label imposed upon some disturbing behaviors