1 INSPIRE Joep Crompvoets Wageningen, 27 January 2015

Why do we need an European Spatial Data Infrastructure? Who will benefit of an European Spatial Data Infrastructure? Who knows what is INSPIRE? What is INSPIRE? What does this EU Directive include? Questions

Motivation for an European SDI and the role of spatial data within SDI Project funded by the European Commission EUROSION

OBJECTIVE “To provide the European Commission with a package of recommendations on policy and management measures to address coastal erosion in the EU. These recommendations should be based on a thorough assessment of the state of coastline and of the response options available at each level of administration.”

Moderately vulnerable areas Lowly vulnerable areas Highly vulnerable areas (hotspot) Assessment of European coastline Example of Ajaccio Bay

Analysis Vulnerable areas and Monitoring indicators In terms of Lives at risk Economy at risk Nature at risk ElevationBathymetryAdministrative boundariesHydrographyInfrastructureErosion patterns (CCEr)Sediment discharges from riversHydrodynamics and sea level riseLand cover (LC) and LC changesLaws and decreesNationally designated areasSocial and economical profiles From Data to Information

INFORMATION PROBLEMS A large variety of formats exist Many geographical gaps still remain Reference systems are not harmonized Many data sources are not consistent Scales are not compatible All data are not interoperable Costs and access restrictions

Issue No. 1 - A large variety of formats exists Integration of various formats is time consuming and uncertain - Satellite images - Maps - Aerial photographs - Diagrams - Statistics - Reports - Databases - Etc.

Issue No. 2 – Many geographical gaps still remain Geological data at scale 1:50,000 (source: BRGM, France) Need to identify the gaps and make priorities to bridge them

Reference system 1 : ETRS89 Issue No. 3 - Reference systems are not harmonized Need to define a common terrestrial reference system for data production and processing Reference system 2 : Clarke 80

- 5 m - 10 m - 15 m - 20 m - 25 m 5 m 10 m 15 m 10 m 15 m Sources 1: Coastline : SABE (EuroGeographics) Bathymetry : TCIFMS (SHOM) Topography : BDTOPO (IGN) Sources 2: Coastline : SABE (EuroGeographics) Bathymetry : GEBCO (BODC) Topography : MONA PRO Issue No. 4 – Many data sources are not consistent Need to build pan- european “seamless” data with standard specifications

Issue No. 5 - Scales are not compatible 1:100,000 (source: SABE) 1:250,000 (source: WVS) Need to adopt a common level of perception and representation of data

0 m < Difference < 50 m 50 m < Difference < 200 m Difference > 200 m CORINE Land Cover 1990 SABE Coastline Issue No. 6 – All the data are not interoperable Issue No. 6 – All the data are not interoperable

Issue No. 7 – Costs and access restrictions Most existing datasets are “copyrighted”: you do not buy information itself, but a right to use it (“license”) Dissemination of end-products is restricted (sometimes, end-products have to be “degraded”) Quality “label” are not commonly adopted : uncertainty about the products

Issue No. 7 – Costs and access restrictions 26% acquisition of licensed data (e.g. Elevation) 17% update of existing data (e.g. Coastal Erosion) 33% production of missing data (e.g. Hydrodynamics) 24% Format conversion, integration, and quality control EUROSION database = 2 Millions Euros

CONCLUSIONS Higher investment costs (2 to 3 times) Delayed implementation (8 to 10 months) Uncertain quality Dissemination constraints The absence of a European spatial data infrastructure results in:

I N S P I R E INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe

Main objective INSPIRE To deliver useful, standardised and high quality data in order to formulate, implement, monitor and evaluate European, National and Local Policy. Differences between Height Reference Levels

Why INSPIRE? Coastal Erosion Source: EUROSION Project Sea Level trends in mm/y Source: Marcos & Tsimplis, as quoted in JRC/IES Forest Fire Risk Source: JRC/IES

 International river basin districts cover more than 60% of the EU territory!  International coordination a huge challenge.

Environmental phenomena do not stop at national borders!  20% of the EU citizens (115 million) live within 50 Kms from a border.  60 million EU citizens live less than half an hour (25 kms) from a border

WFD Reporting

(Environmental) policy cycle as basis –Problem statement –Policy definition –Policy implementation –Policy evaluation –Policy adjustment

Relations with other Directives  Aarhus addresses the public access to environmental information  PSI addresses the re-use of public sector information by third parties  INSPIRE addresses the shared use of spatial data and services between public authorities for the performance of public tasks

One Stop Geo-Portal CGDI GeoConnections The global context

EC Proposal for a Directive establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in the Community – INSPIRE In Summary: Environmental Needs  Better information needed to support policies [6EAP]  Improvement of existing information flows  Diversity across regions to be considered  Revision of approach to reporting and monitoring, moving to concept of sharing of information Situation in Europe  Data policy restrictions  Lack of co-ordination across borders and between levels of government  Lack of standards incompatible information and information systems  Existing data not re-usable fragmentation of information, redundancy, inability to integrate Environmental data  90% of is linked to geography  Out of 58 data components needed for environmental policy :  32 are multi-sectoral  16 are environmental only  10 are related to other sectors  These 32 components allow to:  link different ENV themes together: policy coherence  link with other sectors: integration source EEA

From Commission proposal to Community Directive implementation  Preparatory phase ( ) –Co-decision procedure –Preparation of Implementing Rules 2005 – 2008 …  Transposition phase ( ) –15 May 2007: Directive entered into force –Transposition into national legislation –26 June 2007: INSPIRE Committee starts its activities –Adoption of Implementation Rules by Comitology  Implementation phase ( ) –implementation and monitoring of measures

INSPIRE progress

INSPIRE Components I.Metadata II.Harmonisation and interoperability of spatial data sets and services III.Network services (discovery, view, download, transform, middleware) IV.Data and Service sharing (policy) V.Coordination and measures for Monitoring & Reporting INSPIRE is a Framework Directive Detailed technical provisions for the issues above will be laid down in Implementing Rules (IR) IRs will be submitted to the Committee (comitology) Once decided, IRs will be published as a Regulation

INSPIRE Spatial Data Scope Annex I 1.Coordinate reference systems 2.Geographical grid systems 3.Geographical names 4.Administrative units 5.Addresses 6.Cadastral parcels 7.Transport networks 8.Hydrography 9.Protected sites Annex II 1.Elevation 2.Land cover 3.Ortho-imagery 4.Geology Harmonised spatial data specifications more stringent for Annex I and II than for Annex III

Annex III 1.Statistical units 2.Buildings 3.Soil 4.Land use 5.Human health and safety 6.Utility and governmental services 7.Environmental monitoring facilities 8.Production and industrial facilities 9.Agricultural and aquaculture facilities 10.Population distribution – demography 11.Area management/restriction /regulation zones & reporting units 12.Natural risk zones 13.Atmospheric conditions 14.Meteorological geographical features 15.Oceanographic geographical features 16.Sea regions 17.Bio-geographical regions 18.Habitats and biotopes 19.Species distribution 20.Energy Resources 21.Mineral resources INSPIRE Thematic Scope

I Metadata Member States shall create metadata and shall keep them up to date  Metadata shall include: –Conformity with IR on interoperability / harmonisation –Conditions for access and use –Quality and validity –The public authorities responsible –Limitations on public access  IR to take into account existing and relevant international standards  Once Implementing Rules adopted: –Created within 2 years for Annex I, II –Created within 5 years for Annex III

II Interoperability of spatial data sets and services  Harmonised data specifications –Annex I, II, III: definition and classification of spatial objects geo-referencing –Annex I, II: common system of unique identifiers for spatial objects; relationship between spatial objects; key attributes and corresponding multilingual thesauri; how to exchange the temporal dimension of the data; how to exchange updates of the data.  public authorities and 3rd parties shall have access to these specifications at conditions not restricting their use  User requirements, existing standards, and cost-benefit considerations to be taken into account in developing the IRs  Cross-border issues shall be agreed on Implementing Rules shall be adopted for interoperability and where practical for harmonisation of spatial data sets and services

III Network Services Member States shall operate a network of the following services available to the public for data sets and services for which metadata has been created:  Discovery services; No charge  View services; No charge ( exceptions: large volumes and high update frequency )  Download services;  Transformation services,  (middleware) services allowing spatial data services to be invoked - Access to services may be restricted (conditions !) - Services shall be available on request to 3rd parties under conditions - INSPIRE Geo-portal shall be established – Member States geo-portals

IV INSPIRE Data Sharing Policy  Member States shall adopt measures for the sharing of data and services between public authorities for public tasks relating to the environment without restrictions occurring at the point of use.  Public authorities may charge, license each other and Community institutions provided this does not create an obstacle to sharing.  When spatial data or services are provided to Community institutions for reporting obligations under Community law relating to the environment then this will not be subject to charging.  Member States shall provide the institutions and bodies of the Community with access to spatial data sets and services in accordance with harmonised conditions.

V INSPIRE Monitoring and Reporting  Member States shall monitor the implementation and use of their infrastructures for spatial information. They shall make the results of this monitoring accessible to the Commission and to the public on a permanent basis.  No later than 3 years MS shall send to the Commission a report including summary descriptions of: –Coordination between public sector providers and users –Organisation of quality assurance –Relationship with third parties –Contribution made by public authorities to the functioning of the infrastructure.

Major differences between Member States regarding the number of reported data sets and services Experiences in other countries / Annual Monitoring Country # Spatial data Sets # Services Country # Spatial data Sets # Services Country # Spatial data Sets # Services AT29868FR NL BE31676GR63045PL6562 BG47673HR15224PT CY23021HU8832RO20862 CZ227189IE15026SE DE IT SI8629 DK2043LT10598SK1950 EE3517LU204111UK ES LV13636IS4812 FI27057MT90LI642 NO countries – 70% of data & services with metadata 5 countries – 70% of metadata conform 9 countries – 70% of the data & services can be discovered 2 countries – 70% of the data can be viewed and downloaded Germany 94% of data & services with conform metadata 94% of the data & services can be discovered 66% of the data can be viewed and downloaded

Mostly drafted by NCP Feedback received from NSDI Stakeholders Varying in length between 20 – 100 pages Written in official language -> Translated by official service of the Commission Reports freely available at INSPIRE website Good overview of the progress made by Member States Overall Implementation of INSPIRE Directive is well under way Marked differences between MS in both speed of implementation and its content Experiences in other countries / 3-Year Reporting

Most MS established a governance structure Ministry of environmental matters led mostly the INSPIRE implementation Some MS led by NMCA (in tandem with Min. of Environ.) Difference in involvement In some MS part of a more broadly based infrastructure Great attention needed to train staff and raise awareness Limited information about the INSPIRE/NSDI usage Difference in data sharing arrangements Lack of knowledge and skills considered as one of the main barriers Few MS able to provide info about costs/benefits Experiences in other countries / 3-Year Reporting

Overview of 2014 Reporting See, Masser, I. and Crompvoets, J., (2015). Building European Spatial Data Infrastructures. 3th Edition. ESRI Press. 100 pgs. Experiences in other countries / 3-Year Reporting

INSPIRE Roadmap (1/4) Articl e Mile- stone Description X Entry into force of INSPIRE Directive 22§ X+ 3m Establishment of the INSPIRE Committee 5§4 16(a) 16(b) 21(4) 17(8) X + 1y Adoption of IRs for the creation and up-dating of the metadata Adoption of IRs for Network Services NS Implementing Rules 1: Adoption of IRs for “upload and discovery” and view services Adoption of IRs for monitoring and reporting Adoption of IRs governing access and rights of use to spatial data sets and services for Community institutions and bodies 16(a)200 9 X + 2y NS Implementing Rules 2: Adoption of IRs for download and Transformation Services 9(a)200 9 X + 2y Adoption of IRs for the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial data sets and services for Annex I spatial data themes 19§ X + 2y MS designate a contact point (as early as possible; at latest X+2y = end of transposition phase) Bold means: explicitly mentioned in the directive, including a timing Bold + italics: explicitly mentioned but without timing Italics: proposal for subdivision from what is mentioned in the directive, including a proposed timing

ArticleMilestone Description 24§12009X +2y Provisions of Directive are brought into force in MS (transposition date) 17§1 Implementation of data sharing framework of spatial data sets and services between public bodies 21§1 Implementation of provisions on monitoring 6(a)2010X + 3y Metadata available for spatial data corresponding to Annex I and Annex II spatial data themes 16(a)2010X + 3y NS Implementing Rules 3: Adoption of IR for invoke “spatial data service” Network Service 2010X + 3y NS Operation 1 : “Upload and Discovery” and View Network services operational 15§22010X + 3y The EC establishes and runs a geo-portal at Community level 21§22010X + 3y Member States’ First Report to the Commission. From then onwards MS have to present reports every 3 years INSPIRE Roadmap (2/4)

ArticleMile- stone Description 7§3 9(a) 2011X + 4y (2 + 2) Newly collected and extensively restructured spatial data sets available in accordance with IRs for interoperability and harmonisation of spatial data sets and services for Annex I spatial data themes 2011X + 4y NS Operation 2 : Download and Transformation services operational 9(b)2012X + 5y Adoption of IRs for the interoperability and harmonisation of spatial data sets and services for Annex II and Annex III spatial data themes 2012X + 5y NS Operation 3 : invoke “Spatial Data service” service operational 6(b)2013X + 6y Metadata available for spatial data corresponding to Annex III spatial data themes X + 7y Commission’s report to the EP and the Council. From then onwards the Commission has to present reports every 6 years 7§3 9(b) 2014X + 7y (2 + 5) Newly collected and extensively restructured spatial data sets available in accordance with IRs for interoperability and harmonisation of spatial data sets and services for Annex II and III spatial data themes INSPIRE Roadmap (3/4)

ArticleMile- stone Description 7§3 9(a) 2017X + 9y (7 + 2) Other spatial data sets available in accordance with IRs for interoperability and harmonisation of spatial data sets and services for Annex I spatial data themes 7§3 9(b) 2020X +12y (7 + 5) Other spatial data sets available in accordance with IRs for interoperability and harmonisation of spatial data sets and services for Annex II and III spatial data themes INSPIRE Roadmap (4/4)

Latest remarks on INSPIRE Coordination of INSPIRE appears to be problematic For better coordination, use softer steering Need to balance INSPIRE requirements with other EU, national requirements (e-gov, PSI) Lack of economic success stories regarding INSPIRE implementation INSPIRE articles on data sharing are most confusing Pending legal reform is a cause for many legal uncertainties No clear guidelines to follow for organisations at stake.

Concluding remarks INSPIRE provides an interesting model for developing an infrastructure in the full meaning of the word, i.e. including technical challenges, shared practices, organisational settings and cooperative partnerships Its development requires a lot of time, resources and effort, but the added value of shared ownership of processes and outcomes can hardly be underestimated. Uncertainties on how to deal with new developments major commercial players (Google earth, Virtual earth) Crowdsourcing initiatives Open Data initiatives

Conclusions  INSPIRE is an important political step towards more efficient use of geo-information for the purposes of environmental policies or policies with an impact on the environment  Removing obstacles in data sharing between public authorities is THE key issue  National and Regional SDIs are building blocks for the European SDI.  Bottom-up, open and transparent development of Implementing Rules through stakeholder participation

Questions??