IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Nanoparticle Induced DNA Damage Thomas Prevenslik Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China 1

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Introduction NPs offer significant technological advancements as antibacterial agents in food processing, reducing infections in burn treatment, sunscreen skin lotions, and treating cancer tumors. However, NPs have a darkside 2 Over the past few decades, experiments have shown NPs produce ROS of hydroxyl radicals that cause apoptosis/cell death and single and double strand breaks in the DNA. ROS = Reactive Oxidative Species

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Oxidative Stress Paradigm ROS is correlated with the surface area of <100 nm NPs Surface activity is the proposed ROS mechanism. Problem – Coarse PM > 300 nm enhance ROS 3

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan DNA Damage Levels Direct DNA require at least photolysis at UV levels. The DNA ionization potential ~ 7.5 to 10 eV. Breaking SS and DS in dry DNA ~ above 7 eV. Indirect Hydroxyl radicals cause SS and DS breaks by chemical reaction ~ 5.2 eV break H-OH. Most likely to DNA damage path. Surface activity unlikely source of EM energy > 5 eV 4

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan DNA Damage by EM Radiation Experiments over pas 20 years show DNA damage by NPs that by conventional EM radiation beyond the UV. 5 mimics

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Hypothesis NPs in body fluids produce EM radiation beyond the UV that generates the ROS that provides: Bactericidal action But also damages the DNA 6

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan QED induced EM radiation Classically, heat (EM energy) is conserved by an increase in temperature. But at the nanoscale, QM forbids an increase in temperature because specific heat vanishes. QED allows heat to be conserved at the nanoscale by the emission of nonthermal EM radiation 7

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan QM Restrictions QED induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box with walls separated upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index n r > 1: 8 QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on temperature and EM confinement given by the Einstein- Hopf relation for harmonic oscillator

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Einstein-Hopf Relation 9 NPs eV Heat capacity vanishes

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan QED radiation in NPs Specific Heat Vanishes No Temperature change EM Emission = 2Dn r Molecular Collisions Laser/Solar/Supernova Photons Residual Thermal kT Energy Joule Heat NP 10

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan NPs and Biological Cells 11

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Collisional Power Collision Power 12

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan QED Photons and Rate 13 Photolysis Power

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan PM Enhancement 14

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan PM Enhancement 15

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Conclusions NPs < 100 nm produce UV radiations act as bactericidal agents but also damage DNA and increase the risk of further cancer. NIR lasers are not necessary to kill cancers. The EM energy required to produce UV radiation is the thermal kT energy of surrounding solution molecules that upon absorption is induced by QED to be frequency up- converted to UV levels. The oxidative stress paradigm that DNA damage is caused by ROS produced proportional to the area of <100 nm NPs needs to be modified to include the effect of larger nm PM. Surface activity is an unlikely source of ROS Sunscreens having NP 100 nm Silver NPs in limiting bacteria in food processing should cease immediately. 16

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Extensions Einstein’s Static Universe Redshift in NPs means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist. Tribochemistry Rubbing of surfaces produces NPs that produce VUV to enhance chemical reactions Gecko walking on walls and ceilings Spatulae under index of refraction EM confinement produce electrostatic attraction Unification of Static Electricity Rubbing of surfaces produces NPs that charge the surroundings. Nanocatalysts and Chemiluminescence Gold NPs added to chemical reactants in solution enhance chemical reactions X-rays from peeling Scotch Tape NPs that form as adhesive tears accumulates charge that at breakdown produces x-rays Casimir force EM confinement of BB thermal radiation in gap between parallel plates produces attraction Etc… 17

IEEE Nanomed 2009, October , 2009 —Tainan, Taiwan Questions & Papers