1. Nanofluids by Quantum Mechanics Thomas Prevenslik Discovery Bay, Hong Kong 1

2. Background Nanoparticles (NPs) are thought to increase the thermal conductivity of common solvents. Transient Hot Wire Method (THWM) tests show enhancements far greater than given by Hamilton & Crosser (HC) mixing rules. T. Prevenslik, “Nanofluids by QED Induced Heat Transfer,” IASME/WSEAS 6th Int. Conf. Heat Transfer, HTE-08, 20-22 August, Rhodes, 2008 2

3. HC Mixing Rules HC extended Maxwell’s rules for electrical to thermal conductivity of macroscopic particles. Applicable to nanoparticles. k eff = Effective k f = Fluid k P = NP  = Volume fraction 3

4. Purpose 4 Show THWM test data may be explained by QED induced heat transfer with the conductivity itself given by HC mixing rules HC mixing rules are valid Thermal conductivity does not increase

5. QED induced Heat Transfer Classically, heat or EM energy is conserved by an increase in temperature. But at the nanoscale, QM forbids heat to be conserved by an increase in temperature because specific heat vanishes. QED allows heat to be conserved by frequency up-conversion of kT energy to the EM frequency of the NP which escapes by the emission of nonthermal EM radiation 5

6. QM Restrictions QM induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box with walls separated upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index n r > 1: 6 QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on temperature and EM confinement given by the Einstein-Hopf relation

7. NPs have Zero Heat Content 7 NPs 0.0258 eV

8. QED radiation in NPs Specific Heat Vanishes No Temperature change EM Emission = 2Dn r Molecular Collisions Nanofluids Laser/Solar/Supernovae Photons Residual kT Energy Tribochemistry Thin Films Joule Heat NP 8 ASME Micro/Nanoscale Heat / Mass Transfer Int. Conf., Dec. 18-21, 2009 — Shanghai, China

9. Collisional Heating 9

10. 10

11. QM Heat Sink Heat into NP in the FIR (10 micron penetration) Heat out of NP beyond the VUV (1-10 meters penetration) LTE avoided NP acts as a QM Heat Sink VUV penetration >> FIR Heat transfer  Penetration 11

12. Analysis 12 ASAS S

13. QED Effect on HC Mixing Rules 13

14. Conclusions HC mixing rules give correct effective conductivity of nanofluids. Disparity with THWM results may be explained with QED induced heating. Classical heat transfer in NPs requires modification for zero specific heat. 14

15. Extensions Einstein’s Static Universe Redshift in cosmic dust means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist. Tribochemistry Rubbing of surfaces produces NPs that produce VUV to enhance chemical reactions Gecko walking on walls and ceilings Spatulae under on hair tips act as NPs to produce electrostatic attraction Unification of Static Electricity Rubbing of surfaces produces NPs that charge the surroundings. Nanocatalysts and Chemiluminescence Gold NPs added to chemical reactants in solution enhance chemical reactions X-rays from peeling Scotch Tape NPs that form as adhesive tears accumulates charge that at breakdown produces x-rays Casimir force BB thermal radiation in gap between parallel plates produces attraction Etc… 16 ASME Micro/Nanoscale Heat / Mass Transfer Int. Conf., Dec. 18-21, 2009 — Shanghai, China

16. Questions & Papers Email: nanoqed@gmail.com http://www.nanoqed.org 16