1. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Nanofluids by QED Induced Heat Transfer Thomas Prevenslik Discovery Bay, Hong Kong 1

2. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Background Nanoparticles (NPs) are thought to increase the thermal conductivity of common solvents. Transient Hot Wire Method (THWM) tests show enhancements far greater than given by Hamilton & Crosser (HC) mixing rules. 2

3. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece HC Mixing Rules HC extended Maxwell’s rules for electrical to thermal conductivity of macroscopic particles. k eff = Effective k f = Fluid k P = NP  = Volume fraction 3

4. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Purpose 4 Show THWM test data may be explained by QED induced heat transfer with the conductivity itself given by HC mixing rules QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics

5. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Laser Induced EM Radiation in QDs (WSEAS-HTE07 Diesel Engine Particles) 5 EM Emission NIR Laser Photon NIR Photon not conserved by increase in QD temperature QD

6. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Laser Induced EM Radiation in QDs By Mie theory, NIR photon is partially absorbed by QDs. Quantum mechanical (QM) analogy to creating photons in a box. QD box produces VUV and SXR photons 6

7. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Collision Induced EM Radiation 7 NP kT ~ 0.0 eV EM Emission Free Molecule kT ~ 0.0258 eV kT ~ 0.0 eV No Temperature change

8. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Molecular Collisions Collisions are EM Similar to Laser Excitation Collisional Excitation more Efficient Less Scattering than Lasers 8

9. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Specific Heat NPs cannot conserve the absorbed EM radiation by an increase in temperature because the specific heat vanishes at VIS and higher EM confinement frequencies. Specific Heat by photon vibration – Modified Einstein approach. Atoms vibrate in Debye Model. Slow response. Excitons produced promptly. 9

10. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Einstein-Hopf Harmonic Oscillator at 300 K 10 NP Free Molecule

11. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece NP as an Einstein Solid N A = Number of Atoms in NP 3 N A Degrees of Freedom 11

12. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Einstein Specific Heat 12 Einstein Debye & Einstein

13. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece NP Specific Heat 13 3 microns

14. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Collisional Heating 14

15. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Collisional Heating 15

16. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece QM Heat Sink Heat into NP in the FIR Heat out of NP beyond the VUV VUV is ballistic and avoids LTE NP acts as a QM Heat Sink Wall Heat in compensates for Heat Loss TC is heated by Heater and NPs 16

17. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Classical v QM Heat Transfer TC NP H wall 17 Classical H QM H + q q q q q VUV

18. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Analysis 18 ASAS S

19. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece QED Effect on HC Mixing Rules 19

20. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Conclusions HC mixing rules give reasonable estimates of effective conductivity. Disparity with HWTM results may be explained with QED induced heating. Classical heat transfer in NPs requires modification for zero specific heat. 20

21. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Extensions Nanocatalysts Surface Chemical Reactions 21

22. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Nanocatalysts Unsupported Supported 22

23. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Surface Chemical Reactions 23 “God made solids, but surfaces are the work of the Devil.” W. Pauli (1900-1958)

24. WSEAS (HTE08); August 20-22, 2008 — Rhodes Island, Greece Questions & Papers Email: thomas@nanoqed.net http:// www.nanoqed.net 24