“Teaching” by Sharleen L. Kato Chapter 6 Early History of Education

Key Terms/Vocabulary 2 2

Apprentice someone who learns a skilled trade by watching and helping someone in that trade. 3 3

Dame School in early America, schools run by women in their own homes, and Parents paid a fee for their children to attend. 4 4

Hornbook a flat wooden board with a handle. A sheet of paper—usually containing the alphabet, a prayer or two, and Roman numerals was pasted on the board. A thin, flat piece of clear animal horn was Attached to cover and protect the paper. Used during the Colonial Period. 5 5

Common Schools public schools available to children from all levels of Society. 6 6

the necessary skills to Normal Schools schools that prepared men and women with the necessary skills to become teachers. ______________________ The caption on this photo reads, "Junior Class," and is identified as "Texas Normal School for Negroes." Probably taken at Prairie View Normal Institute (now Prairie View A&M University), date unknown. A normal school trained teachers and provided the rough equivalent of today's high schools. Prairie View was founded in 1879. Prints and Photographs Collection, Texas State Library and Archives Commission. 7 7

McGuffey Readers the first widely used textbooks published during the American Common School Period that included moral lessons along with science, grammar, and other subjects. 8 8

Progressives members of a reform movement that began in the late 1800s who believed that education should be more individualized and teach students the skills that would improve the ills of society. 9 9

the teaching principles developed by Maria Montessori Method the teaching principles developed by Maria Montessori, an Italian doctor, emphasizing self-directed learning through sensory experiences. 10 10

Career & Technical Education courses of study that prepare students for careers related to a specific trade or occupation. 11 11

income beyond that needed for basic Disposable Income income beyond that needed for basic necessities, allowing people to buy or do things that they want. 12 12

Quotas immigration laws set limits for people coming to the United States from other countries. 13 13

Vocabulary Review Quizlet http://quizlet.com/4549058/ Go to www.quizlet.com. In search box type 4549058. Begin doing the activities. 14

The American Colonial Period 1600-1776 15 15

Main point about education during the American Colonial Period Europeans came to a new land seeking economic opportunity, religious freedom, and a better society. Most education took place in the home. 16 16 16

Schools that did exist were primarily for elementary grades Schools that did exist were primarily for elementary grades. Most older children worked on family farms or businesses. Some learned skills through apprenticeships. 17 17 17

The role of teachers was to teach, be role models, and act as examples of moral behavior 18 18 18

The school curriculum focused on Basic reading, writing, simple math, and religion. Some training was available for trades. Hornbooks were used. In the South males studied astronomy for navigation and plantation management skills. Girls learned home management skills. 19 19 19

The American Early National Period 1776-1840 20 20

Main Points about education during the American Early National Period America was still primarily a Rural nation. Teaching skills were focused on teaching skills to help students enter fields such as agriculture, business, and shipping. 21 21 21

The Role Benjamin Franklin Played He began the first public library. If you could pay the tuition you could attend school. He influenced schools to teach good citizenship and a wide variety of subjects. 22 22 22

The role Thomas Jefferson Played He introduced legislation to divide counties into smaller districts that were responsible for a public system of education. Elementary schools were available without cost. He also established the University of Virginia. 23 23 23

The Role of Teachers To be positive models of good citizenship for their students. They were expected to be involved, making the community a better place through both church participation and involvement in community issues. 24 24 24

The School Curriculum Focused On Basics of reading, writing, and math, along with Christian principles and citizenship. Students learned Greek, Roman, English & American history. If girls received additional education, it was often through a tutor at home or in schools specifically for girls. Education was mainly limited to those of European ancestry. 25 25 25

The American Common School Period 1840-1880 26 26

Main Points about Education during the American Common School Period Americans realized the injustice of slavery and worked to end it. The freeing of slaves altered American life. By the end of the period, free public education for many was more widely available. 27 27 27

The Role Horace Mann Played He established teacher training schools, free libraries and the first public state-supported schools . He increased state funding for public schools by using state taxes to pay for education. 28 28 28

African American Education during this Period was Often done in secret. Former slaves in the North faced social and economic obstacles. Quaker schools allowed African American students to attend. Educated African Americans set up schools. The First African American colleges were founded. Most schools remained strictly segregated. 29 29 29

The Role of Teachers was to usually teach all grades 30 30 30

The School Curriculum Focused on How subjects were taught rather than which subjects were taught. Kindergartens were established in public schools. McGuffey Readers were used and the Morrill Act of 1852 was passed. 31 31 31

Kindergarten Friedrich Froebel developed the idea for kindergarten. He believed that young children learned best through play. The first kindergarten classes were intended to help poor children succeed in school. Today, educational programs for young children are still based on play and social interaction. 32 32 32

McGuffey Reader Textbooks became more widely available. McGuffey readers, which taught moral lessons along with reading, spelling, and other subjects were used in so many schools that they contributed to the standardization of American education. 33 33 33

The Morrill Act Texas Land Grant Colleges/University Also known as the Land-Grant College Act gave federal land to establish colleges in every state. These colleges provided practical education in agriculture, home economics, and other useful professions to people from all social classes. These colleges made higher education available to Americans nationwide. Land-grant institutions are often categorized as 1862, 1890, and 1994 institutions, based on the date of the legislation that designated most of them with land grant status. Texas Land Grant Colleges/University Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View Texas A&M University, College Station 34 34

The American Progressive Period 1880-1921 35 35

Main Points about Education during the American Progressive Period They wanted to make America a better and safer place to live, and education was part of that. Schools were overcrowded. Progressives fought for reducing the hours children could work in factories. By 1920, all states had laws requiring children to attend elementary school. Women were gaining more rights. European immigrants poured into the cities. The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of both work and society. Many children worked in the cities, limiting their educational opportunities. 36 36

Schools Were Segregated African American children attended separate public schools that received less funding and materials were scarce and inferior, often the cast-offs from the “white” schools. African American teachers could only teach in African American schools. 37 37

The role of teachers was: Teacher preparation programs in colleges replaced normal schools. More emphasis on educational theories and standardization. The first teachers’ labor union was formed. Many women became teachers. ● Women achieved the right to vote. 38 38

The school curriculum focused on Students were encouraged to think critically and independently, rather than simply memorize information and accept facts. Thousands of public high schools were opened. 39 39

The Role John Dewey Played John Dewey believed that classrooms were too rigid and inflexible. He believed that schools should place a greater emphasis on the development of problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. He promoted the link between learning and experience. He believed social interaction aided learning. 40 40

The Role Maria Montessori Played She tried to find ways to help children who had difficulty learning. She believed that sensory experiences should come before learning to read and write. The classroom provides stimulating environments. Children direct their own learning with teachers as their partners. 41 41

Career & Technical Education It was established by the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917. Established to prepare students for the many career opportunities in specific trades and occupations where skilled workers were needed. 42 42

The 1920s & the Great Depression Era 1921-1940 43

Main Points about Education During the 1920s & the Great Depression The influence of the Progressive movement in education continued. Economic prosperity continued until the Great Depression. 44

The Economy Impacted the Schools because Schools expanded during the good economic times of the 1920s. During the Great Depression, schools faced a shortage of cash, since many people were unable to pay their taxes. Some schools closed. Teacher pay was cut or eliminated. Course offerings were cut back to basic subjects. Many children went to work. The federal government provided funds to hire teachers and purchase supplies. Schools offered free hot lunches for children. As a part of the program to employ others, better schools were built. Schools were working to recover. 45

“Dick & Jane” readers were significant The books taught basic reading skills with simple stories about a family. Their widespread use helped standardize education. 46