1. 6 The Early History of Education in America

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Early History of Education in America History of education in America –explains how schools developed –is characterized by historical events and social trends –explains much about today’s schools The Origins of the American Public Education System: Horace Mann & the Prussian Model of Obedience (8:19)The Origins of the American Public Education System: Horace Mann & the Prussian Model of Obedience

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The American Colonial Period (1600  1776) Before an educational system existed, education took place in the home Parents taught –basic reading and arithmetic skills –practical learning for life and work Some elementary schools were established in well-populated areas Many older children became apprenticesapprentices continued

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. New England Colonies Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire. Inhabitants were very similar in faith and culture being Puritan and predominantly from England. They disagreed with the Church of England.

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. New England Colonies Dame Schools, early elementary schools in homes of widows who received little formal education. Dame schools were common, students learned basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills with a religious context. Girls also received education focused on homemaking.

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. New England Colonies Latin Grammar Schools: established in 1635, similar to modern high schools. These schools were available for white males only and prepared them for Harvard University (1636). Those who could not afford Latin Grammar Schools went into apprenticeships. White females, African Americans, and Native Americans were not given further educational opportunities.

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. New England Colonies Massachusetts Act of 1642: first compulsory education law, required all white children to attend school. This law did not specify how the children were to be educated or provide funding, first unfunded mandate. Old Deluder Satan Act (Mass. Act of 1647), towns with 50+ households were required to provide a school because school was the best way to fight the devil.

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Extremely diverse population, immigrants from: Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, France and other parts of Europe, along with people from the Quaker Faith who predominantly settled in Pennsylvania.

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Middle Colonies No one school could satisfy the religious diversity with consisted of: Lutherans, Presbyterians, Jews, Mennonites, Catholics, Quakers, Baptists, Huguenots. Schools were mostly private or parochial, associated with religion where a greater diversity of subjects were taught such as business, bookkeeping and navigation.

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Southern Colonies Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, and the Carolinas. Social and economic class divisions were rigid –Boys were educated at home by tutors –Girls and the middle class had few opportunities for formal education –Slaves were only taught useful skills Settlers were separated by great distances.

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Southern Colonies Children of plantation owners and wealth merchants attend private schools or were taught at home by tutors, some continued their education in northern Universities or Europe. Children from small farms or children of laborers experienced whatever education was available through charity school, apprentice programs, or church schools. Children of slaves received no formal education during the 17 th century.

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Role of Teachers Expected to be examples of moral behavior Could not drink, smoke, or marry Required to attend church regularly and participate in civic events Expected to perform charitable acts No formal system of teacher preparation. Men who taught often did so for very short periods of time before training for the ministry or law.

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Role of Teachers Many were indentured servants who taught in exchange for their passage to the New World. Many were not successful in other careers. Some were even of questionable character or conduct. Teachers in secondary school received more status, often having more education and college training.

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Role of Teachers To save money, town would board teachers in homes of families for a week at a time. Pay was low, comparable to farm laborers. No permanent homes and considered part- time laborers.

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions: Colonial Period 1. Why were children educated in the 17 th century? 2. What were dame schools and who ran them? 3. 1635, what type of school was established in New England? 4. What is the relationship between the Massachusetts Act of 1642 and the Old Deluder Satan Act? 5. Why was formal education difficult in the Middle and Southern Colonies? 6. What were the 3 subjects offered in the Middle colonies that were not available in New England grammar schools?

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The American Early National Period (1776  1840) History of American Education 1770-1890 Part 1 History of American Education 1770-1890 Part 2 Educational changes began in cities and spread to rural areas Education became a priority, Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787. –Federally owned wilderness land into townships and required the building of schools. “Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged.” Less European influence; education promoted ideas of freedom and liberty Religion played less of a role

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Benjamin Franklin Began the first public library Started a secondary school –Open to everyone who could pay tuition –Covered a broad range of subjects: mathematics, astronomy, navigation, accounting, bookkeeping, French and Spanish. –Precursor to modern public schools –Allowed students to choose courses, forerunner to today’s electives.

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Thomas Jefferson Third president of the United States Believed common people should be educated to take part in the government Helped establish a public system of education available without cost continued

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Thomas Jefferson Established the University of Virginia © vahamrick/Shutterstock

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Role of Teachers Models of good citizenship, which involves –involvement in church and community issues –obeying laws and rules –respecting authority

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Excerpts from 18 th Century Teachers About Silas Crocker Mr. Crocker is an itinerant schoolteacher, going from village to village in search of employment. During the summer months he earns a living plowing, mowing, and carting manure. In the winter, he teachers school. Having the reputation as the greatest ‘arithmeticker’ in the county, he is a respected schoolmaster. Most of the schoolrooms in the area are familiar with this tall, gaunt master.

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Excerpts from 18 th Century Teachers From Mistress Robbins’ Journal My name is Elizabeth Robbins, and I am in my seventeenth year. I have been engaged to teach at Litchfield. A committee of subscribers examined me and asked that I read passages from the Old Testament. They seemed pleased when I did not stumble over the big words…I was hired for a period of five months, at four dollars a month. I find a wretched schoolhouse, in the road, as it were, with a tiny fireplace. At first, it was easy, as the older scholars stayed away. When the school is full, however, it is very difficult to teach. The older boys make threats against me. They are generally lawless and in the habit of using profane language. I have to resort to using sever corporal punishment to maintain order.

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. School Curriculum Reading, writing, math Christian principles and citizenship Greek, Roman, English, and American history Wealthy boys learned –Greek, Latin, English grammar –advanced math, geography, literature, science

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The American Common School Period (1840  1880) Significant events included –movement west to Oregon and California, 1800 geography lessons included maps showing 17 states, by the end of the century maps would boast 45 states. –invention of labor-saving devices –Civil War and freeing of slaves –Industrial Revolution: poverty-level wages, a work force that would soon included too many children, unchecked immigration, and abysmal working conditions required education to counter these conditions of a more commerce and industry based society.

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Horace Mann Served as first secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education Worked to establish free public education for every boy and girl –Common schools were first public state- supported schoolsCommon schools Established normal schools to improve and standardize schoolsnormal schools continued

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Horace Mann Advocated the establishment of free libraries Used state taxes to support public schools Believed schools should not teach specific religious belief systems

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. African American Education Laws in the South prohibited educating African Americans Quaker schools allowed attendance of African American students After the Civil War, northern missionaries started schools in the South These schools lacked funds to provide a quality education, were short-lived

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Role of Teachers In rural areas, one teacher taught all grades in a schoolhouse © Judy Marie Stepanian/Shutterstock continued

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Role of Teachers Low salaries were paid by community members Normal schools allowed teachers to be trained and better prepared Women were able to make a living on their own

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. School Curriculum Significant changes included –establishment of kindergartens –the use of McGuffey readersMcGuffey readers –the passing of the Morrill Act: 1862 President Lincoln granted 30,000 acres of land, profits would allow for running of a public college, 1890 no state that denied education to any race would not be provided with grants unless a state provided a separate but equal institution.

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Kindergarten Concept developed by German educator Friedrich Froebel Used songs and games to help poor children succeed in schools Foundation of today’s kindergartens, based on creative play and social interaction

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The McGuffey Readers Textbooks became widely available Reverend William Holmes McGuffey was asked to write a textbook Taught moral lessons, reading, spelling, history, biology, botany, literature, speech Wide use contributed to standardization of American education

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Morrill Act Also known as the Land-Grant College Act Gave federal land to establish colleges Provided education in useful professions Made higher education available to all Americans 1862 President Lincoln granted 30,000 acres of land, profits would allow for running of a public college, 1890 no state that denied education to any race would not be provided with grants unless a state provided a separate but equal institution.

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 1.Benjamin Franklin began the first of what in the United Stages? 2.What were Thomas Jefferson’s 2 major educational contributions? 3.1840, what major discovery created a mass migration to the west? 4.The first public state-supported schools were called: 5.Teachers were trained in institutions called: 6.What was the reason Horace Mann felt it was unjust to teacher from one specific religious doctrine? 7.Before the development of Kindergarten, what was the normal age for children to start school?

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The American Progressive Period (1880  1921) Industrial Revolution drew rural population, immigrants to cities © Computer Earth/Shutterstock continued The History Of American Education 1770-1890 Part 3 The History of American Education 1900-1950 Part 1

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The American Progressive Period (1880  1921) Urban areas: overcrowding, poverty, disease Parents and children worked long hours in factories Progressives began a reform movementProgressives

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Segregated Education African American children attended separate public schools that received –less funding –inferior educational materials African American teachers were paid significantly less

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Role of Teachers College teacher preparation programs replaced normal schools Emphasis placed on educational theory First teachers’ labor union formed Many teachers became frustrated with the standardized curriculum More women entered the workforce

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. School Curriculum Focus turned to students as individuals Citizens trained to think critically and independently could improve living and working conditions Thousands of high schools opened –High school diploma became important in finding a job

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. John Dewey Leading progressive Believed schools –were too inflexible –needed great emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking Promoted link between learning and experience

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Maria Montessori Believed sensory experiences help young children learn Developed the Montessori methodMontessori method Use classrooms as stimulating environments Children direct their own learning

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Career and Technical Education Vocational education is now called career and technical education career and technical education Prepares students for specific trades and occupations for skilled workers Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 established federal funding for high school classes

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 1.Women's right to vote was thought to correlate with what major educational change? 2.Maria Montessori believed that what type of experiences should come before learning to read and write? 3.Vocational education was developed to help prepare students for what after school?

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The 1920s and the Great Depression Era (1921  1940) In the 1920s, more people had disposable incomedisposable income As credit became available, consumer education was needed Quotas set on number of immigrantsQuotas Stock Market crash put the country into the Great Depression History of American Education 1900-1950 Part 2History of American Education 1900-1950 Part 2 History of American Education 1900-1950 Part 3History of American Education 1900-1950 Part 3

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Impact of Economy on Schools Citizens were unable to pay taxes; schools faced a shortage of funds –School districts ceased operation or shortened the school year –Teacher pay decreased or eliminated –Only basic subjects were taught Families had no money for school supplies Children were forced to work continued

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Impact of Economy on Schools Federal government gave funds to hire teachers and purchase supplies Schools offered free hot lunches for children Better schools were built to provide employment

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. “Dick and Jane” Readers Books taught basic reading skills Helped standardize education © spaxiax/Shutterstock

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions The economic success of the 20’s required the need for what type of education? Identify 3 major impacts the Great Depression had on American Education? What major event led to the ending of the Great Depression?

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Points American Colonial Period: children receive basic and religious education American Early National Period: education to prepare children for participation in democratic government American Common School Period: schools become more standardized, formal teacher training programs established continued

50. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Points American Progressive Period: push for educational reform to improve society 1920s: educational reform continued during economic prosperity 1930s: Great Depression, education returned to basics

51. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What did American Colonial Period schools use in place of books?  hornbooks Who worked to establish free, nonsectarian, public education for every boy and girl?  Horace Mann continued

52. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What was the purpose of the Morrill Act?  gave federal land to establish colleges in every state Who believed that sensory experiences should come before learning to read and write?  Maria Montessori

53. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS apprentice. Someone who learns a skilled trade by watching and helping someone in that trade. In early America, some apprentices worked without pay for an agreed-upon period in exchange for their learning.

54. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS career and technical education. Courses of study that prepare students for careers related to a specific trade or occupation. common schools. Public schools available to children from all levels of society.

55. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS dame schools. In early America, schools run by women in their own homes. Parents paid a fee for their children to attend. disposable income. Income beyond that needed for basic necessities, allowing people to buy or do things that they want.

56. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS hornbook. A flat wooden board with a handle. A sheet of paper—usually containing the alphabet, a prayer or two, and Roman numerals—was pasted on the board. A thin, flat piece of clear animal horn was attached to cover and protect the paper. Used during the Colonial Period.

57. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS McGuffey readers. The first widely used textbooks published during the American Common School Period. They included moral lessons along with science, grammar, and other subjects.

58. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Montessori method. The teaching principles developed by Maria Montessori, an Italian doctor, emphasizing self-directed learning through sensory experiences. normal schools. Schools that prepared men and women with the necessary skills to become teachers.

59. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Progressives. Members of a reform movement that began in the late 1800s. They believed that education should be more individualized and teach students the skills that would improve the ills of society. Quotas. Limits. Immigration laws set limits for people coming to the United States from other countries.