1. “Teaching” by Sharleen L. Kato
Chapter 6
Early History of Education

2. 2 2

3. Apprentice
someone who learns a skilled trade by watching and helping someone in that trade. 3 3

4. Dame School
in early America, schools run by women in their own homes, and Parents paid a fee for their children to attend. 4 4

5. Hornbook a flat wooden board with a handle. A sheet of paper—usually
containing the alphabet, a prayer
or two, and Roman numerals
was pasted on the board. A thin,
flat piece of clear animal horn was
Attached to cover and protect the
paper. Used during the Colonial Period. 5 5

6. Common Schools public schools available to children from all levels of
Society. 6 6

7. the necessary skills to
Normal Schools
schools that prepared
men and women with
the necessary skills to
become teachers.
______________________
The caption on this photo reads, "Junior Class," and is identified as "Texas Normal School for Negroes." Probably taken at Prairie View Normal Institute (now Prairie View A&M University), date unknown. A normal school trained teachers and provided the rough equivalent of today's high schools. Prairie View was founded in Prints and Photographs Collection, Texas State Library and Archives Commission. 7 7

8. McGuffey Readers
the first widely used textbooks published during the American Common School Period that included moral lessons along with science, grammar, and other subjects. 8 8

9. Progressives members of a reform movement that
began in the late 1800s who believed that
education should be more individualized and
teach students the skills that would improve
the ills of society. 9 9

10. the teaching principles developed by Maria
Montessori Method
the teaching principles developed by Maria
Montessori, an Italian doctor, emphasizing
self-directed learning through sensory
experiences. 10 10

11. Career & Technical Education
Courses of study that prepare students for careers related to a specific trade or occupation.
It was established by the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917. 11 11

12. income beyond that needed for basic
Disposable Income
income beyond that needed for basic
necessities, allowing people to buy or do
things that they want. 12 12

13. Quotas immigration laws set limits for people
coming to the United States from other
countries. 13 13

14. The American Colonial Period 14 14

15. Main point about education during the American Colonial Period
Europeans came to a new land seeking
economic opportunity, religious freedom,
and a better society. Options for education
differed by location. Most education took
place in the home. 15 15

16. Schools that did exist were primarily for elementary grades
Schools that did exist were primarily for elementary grades. A few universities and colleges were founded during this period. Most older children worked on family farms or businesses. Some learned skills through apprenticeships. 16 16

17. The role of teachers was
a. to teach
b. be role models
c. act as examples of moral behavior 17 17

18. The school curriculum focused on
Basic reading, writing, simple math, and religion.
Some training was available for trades.
Those in the South also studied astronomy for navigation
and plantation management skills.
Girls learned sewing and other home management skills.
Hornbooks were used. 18 18 18

19. Vocabulary Review Quizlet 10 minutes 19 19

20. The Role of the Teacher-1872
1. Teachers each day will fill lamps, clean chimneys Each teacher will bring a bucket of water and a scuttle of coal for the daily' session Make your pens carefully. You whittle nibs to the individual taste of the pupils Men teachers may take one evening each week for courting purposes, or two evenings a week if they go to church regularly After ten hours in school, the teachers may spend the remaining time reading the Bible or other good books Women teachers who marry or engage in unseemly conduct will be dismissed Every teacher should lay aside from each pay a goodly sum of this earnings for his benefit during his declining years so that he will not become a burden on society Any teacher who smokes, uses liquor in any form, frequents pool or public halls, or gets shaved in a barber shop will give good reason to suspect his worth, intention, integrity and honest The teacher who performs his labor faithfully and without fault for five years will be given an increase of twenty cents per week in his pay, providing the Board of Education approves. Read more at 20

21. Assignment: The Hornbook
The hornbook was used by school children. The hornbook consisted of a wooden paddle with lessons tacked on and covered by a piece of transparent horn. 21

22. The American Early National Period 22 22

23. Main Points about education during the American Early National Period
America was still primarily a Rural nation.
Schools were seen as a vehicle for making a better
society.
Teaching skills were focused on teaching skills to help
students enter fields such as agriculture, business, and
shipping. 23 23

24. The Role Benjamin Franklin Played
He began the first public library.
He worked to expand educational
opportunities to anyone who could
pay the tuition and attend,
regardless of their Religious
beliefs.
He influenced schools to teach
Good citizenship and a wide
variety of subjects. 24 24

25. The role Thomas Jefferson Played
If common people were well
educated, they could take part in
democratic government, and it would
thrive.
He introduced legislation to
divide counties into smaller districts
that were responsible for a public
system of education.
He wanted to make sure that
elementary schools were available
without cost. He also established the
University of Virginia. 25 25

26. The Role of Teachers a. Be positive models of good citizenship.
b. Expected to be involved, making the community a better place through both church participation and involvement in community issues. 26 26

27. The School Curriculum Focused On
Basics of reading, writing, and math, along with Christian principles and
citizenship.
Students learned Greek, Roman, English & American history.
Wealthy boys went on to study Greek, Latin, and English grammar plus
advanced math, geography, literature, and science.
If girls received additional education, it was often through a tutor at
home or in schools specifically for girls.
Education was mainly limited to those of European ancestry. 27 27

28. The American Common School Period 28 28

29. Main Points about Education during the American Common School Period
Labor-saving devices gave people more
time for other interests and pursuits.
Americans realized the injustice of slavery
and worked to end it.
The freeing of slaves
altered American life. By the end of the
period, free public education for many was
more widely available. 29 29

30. The Role Horace Mann Played
The first public state-supported
schools were established, giving the
same education to people from
different levels of Society.
He established teacher training
schools and free libraries. He
increased state funding for public
schools by using state taxes to pay
for education.
He believed schools should be
nonsectarian and not teach any
specific belief system. 30 30

31. African American Education during this Period was
Often done in secret.
Former slaves in the North faced social and economic obstacles.
Quaker schools allowed African American students to attend.
Educated African Americans set up schools.
The First African American colleges were founded.
Most schools remained strictly segregated. 31 31

32. The Role of Teachers was
to usually teach all grades 32 32

33. Video: Little House on the Prairie
Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2
Chapter 2…12.11
Mean Nellie Oleson snubs Laura and Mary for wearing homespun dresses on their first day at school and, when Laura later complains, Caroline reminds her to be kind to Nellie to win her friendship. But Caroline forgets her own wise words, loses her temper with Nellie's haughty mother, store owner Harriet Oleson, and impulsively buys dress fabric she can barely afford. Later, Laura struggles to write an essay for the Visitors' Day program and Caroline must decide what to do with the expensive fabric. When Visitors' Day arrives, their love for each other helps both mother and daughter solve their problems. 33

34. Video: Little House on the Prairie
Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2
Chapter 2…14.59 34 34

35. Those who dare to teach never cease to learn.
Education Quotes
Activity B / Chapter 6
Those who dare to teach never cease to learn.
John Cotton Dana

36. The School Curriculum Focused on
How subjects were taught rather than which subjects were taught. Kindergartens were established in public schools. McGuffey Readers were used and the Morrill Act of 1852 was passed. 36 36

37. Kindergarten
Friedrich Froebel developed the idea for kindergarten. He believed that young children learned best through play. The first Kindergarten classes were intended to help poor children succeed in school. Today, educational programs for young children are still based on play and social interaction. 37 37

38. McGuffey Reader
Textbooks became more widely available. McGuffey readers, which taught moral lessons along with reading, spelling, and other subjects were used in so many schools that they contributed to the standardization of American education. 38 38

39. The Morrill Act Texas Land Grant Colleges/University
Also known as the Land-Grant College Act gave federal land to establish
colleges in every state. These colleges provided practical education in
agriculture, home economics, and other useful professions to people from all
social classes. These colleges made higher education available to Americans
nationwide.
Land-grant institutions are often categorized as 1862, 1890, and 1994
institutions, based on the date of the legislation that designated most of them
with land grant status.
Texas Land Grant Colleges/University
Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View
Texas A&M University, College Station 39 39

40. Land-Grant College/University Prairie View A&M University
Prairie View A&M University, the first state supported College in Texas for African Americans, was established during the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War.
The University had its beginnings in the Texas Constitution of 1876, which, in separate articles, established an "Agricultural and Mechanical College" and pledged that "Separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored children, and impartial provisions shall be made for both."
As a consequence of these constitutional provisions, the Fifteenth Legislature established "Alta Vista Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth" on August 14,1876.

41. Names Given to the University - 1998
August 14, established "Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth";
April 19, established "Prairie View State Normal School" in Waller County for the Training of Colored Teachers;
in 1887 attached the Agriculture & Mechanical Department to Prairie View Normal School;
in 1899 changed the name to "Prairie View State Normal & Industrial College";
June 1, 1945 changed the name to "Prairie View University";
August 27, 1973, the name of the institution was changed to Prairie View A&M University, and its status as an independent unit of the Texas A&M University System was confirmed.

42. Land-Grant College/University Texas A&M University
Texas A&M is the state's first public institution of higher education.
Texas A&M owes its origin to the Morrill Act, approved by the United States Congress on July 2, This act provided for donation of public land to the states for the purpose of funding higher education, whose "leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts."
The State of Texas agreed to create a college under the terms of the Morrill Act in November 1866, but actual formation didn't come until the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas by the Texas state legislature on April 17, A commission created to locate the institution accepted the offer of 2,416 acres of land from the citizens of Brazos County in 1871, and instruction began in Admission was limited to white males, and, as required by the Morrill Act, all students were required to participate in military training.

43. Texas A&M underwent many changes in the 1960s under the presidency of Gen. James Earl Rudder. Under his tenure the college diversified and began admitting women and minorities.
Participation in the Corps of Cadets was also made voluntary.
In 1963 the Texas state legislature officially renamed the school to Texas A&M University, with the "A" and "M" being a symbolic link to the school's past but no longer officially standing for "Agricultural and Mechanical".

44. The American Progressive Period 44 44

45. Main Points about Education during the American Progressive Period
They wanted to make America a better and safer place to live, and education was part of that.
Many children worked in the cities, limiting their educational opportunities.
Schools were overcrowded. Progressives fought for reducing the hours children could work in factories. By 1920, all states had laws requiring children to attend elementary school.
Women were gaining more rights.
European immigrants poured into the cities.
The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of both work and society.
It was a time of business expansion and reform. Members of this movement called themselves Progressives. 45

46. Schools Were Segregated
African American children attended separate public
schools that received less funding. Educational
materials were scarce and inferior, often the
cast-offs from the “white” schools. African American
teachers could only teach in African American
schools. 46

47. The role of teachers was:
considered to be professional.
Teacher preparation programs in colleges replaced normal schools.
There was more emphasis on educational theories.
Many teachers were unhappy with the emphasis on standardization. They wanted more freedom in the classroom.
The first teachers’ labor union was formed.
The union fought to improve the pay, status, and working conditions of teachers.
Many women became
teachers.
Women achieved the right to vote. 47

48. The school curriculum focused on
Students more as individuals.
Students were encouraged to think critically and independently, rather than simply memorize
information and accept facts.
Progressives believed that citizens trained to
think and question would work to clean up corrupt city governments and improve working and living conditions.
Thousands of public high schools were opened. 48

49. The role John Dewey Played
John Dewey believed that classrooms were too rigid and inflexible.
He believed that schools should place a greater emphasis on the development of problem-solving and critical-thinking skills.
He promoted the link between learning and experience. He believed social interaction aided learning.
Educators, influenced by his work, began focusing on the role of the teacher as guiding learning. 49

50. The Role Maria Montessori Played
Maria Montessori tried to find ways to help children who had difficulty learning.
She believed that young children are capable of great discovery and motivated to explore the world.
She believed that sensory experiences should come
before learning to read and write.
Her method considers all of a child’s needs, not just intellectual needs.
The classroom provides stimulating environments. Children direct their own learning with teachers as their partners. 50

51. The 1920s & the Great Depression Era 51

52. Main Points about Education During the 1920s & the Great Depression
The influence of the Progressive movement in education continued.
Economic prosperity continued until
the Great Depression. 52

53. The Economy Impacted the Schools because
Schools expanded during the good economic times of the 1920s.
During the Great Depression, schools faced a shortage of cash, since many people were unable to pay their taxes. Some schools closed.
Teacher pay was cut or eliminated.
Course offerings were cut back to basic subjects.
Many children went to work. The federal government provided funds to hire teachers and purchase supplies. Schools offered free hot lunches for children. As a part of the program to employ others, better schools were built.
Schools were working to recover. 53

54. “Dick & Jane” readers were significant
The books taught basic reading skills with simple stories about a
family.
Their widespread use helped standardize education. 54

55. Dick & Jane Read a story from the Dick & Jane Reader
2. Dick & Jane Background Information
3. Create your own Dick & Jane book 55

56. RM 6-6…The Early History of Education in America
Test…Early History in America (from Quizlet) 56