Kingdom Animalia

What characteristics define an animal? What characteristics define an animal?

~ Characteristics ~ Multicellular Multicellular Eukaryotic with no cell walls Eukaryotic with no cell walls Heterotrophs (consumers) Heterotrophs (consumers)

~ Characteristics ~ Have a nervous system to respond to their environment Have a nervous system to respond to their environment Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food Most animals develop from a zygote Most animals develop from a zygote

Reproduction:  Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg cell called the zygote.  Internal fertilization  External fertilization

 Asexual reproduction means that a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.  Budding  Fragmentation  Regeneration  Parthenogenesis

Early Development  The zygote undergoes mitosis and a series of cell divisions to form new cells.  The cells continue to divide, forming a fluid- filled ball of cells called the blastula.  The blastula continues to undergo cell division as some cells move inward to form a gastrula. Gastrula - A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled space forming a hollow ball of cells.

~ Developmental Characteristics ~ The gastrula is made up of three parts: The gastrula is made up of three parts: –Ectoderma layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula, grows and divides developing into skin and nervous tissue. –Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula, grows and divides developing into skin and nervous tissue. –Endoderma layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula, develops into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract. –Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula, develops into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract. –Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endoderm, forms muscles, reproductive organs and circulatory vessels.

~ Developmental Characteristics ~ Animals that develop a mouth from the indented space in the gastrula are protostomes. Animals that develop a mouth from the indented space in the gastrula are protostomes. Animals that develop an anus from the opening in the gastrula are deuterostomes. Animals that develop an anus from the opening in the gastrula are deuterostomes.

Evolution of Animal Body Plans  Anatomical features in animals’ body plans mark the branching points on the evolutionary tree.  Relationships on this tree are inferred by studying similarities in embryological development and shared anatomical features.

~ Body Plans ~ Animals that are irregular in shape are asymmetrical. Animals that are irregular in shape are asymmetrical. Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical. Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical.

~ Body Plans ~ An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other. An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other.

Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

~ Body Plans ~ Acoelomates – animals have three cell layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities. Acoelomates – animals have three cell layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities. Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid- filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm. Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid- filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm. Coelomates – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm. Coelomates – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.

Body Cavities  Coelomates  Have a fluid- filled cavity with tissue formed from mesoderm that lines and encloses the organs in the coelom

Body Cavities  Pseudocoelomates  Have a fluid-filled body cavity that develops between the mesoderm and the endoderm rather than developing entirely within the mesoderm

Body Cavities  Acoelomates  Have solid bodies without a fluid- filled body cavity between the gut and the body wall

~ Protection and Support ~ Though not all animals have a skeleton, those that do can be divided into two groups: Though not all animals have a skeleton, those that do can be divided into two groups: –Those with an exoskeleton – a hard, waxy coating on the outside of the body that protects internal organs, provides a framework for support, and a place for muscle attachment. –Those with an endoskeleton – support framework within the body that protects some organs and a brace for muscles to pull against.

Cephalization  The tendency to concentrate nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of the animal

~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla 8 main phyla No backbones No backbones 95% of all animals are in this group 95% of all animals are in this group

~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Sponges Sponges simplest form of animal life simplest form of animal life live in water live in water Do not move around Do not move around no symmetry no symmetry Pores (holes) all over body Pores (holes) all over body 5000 species 5000 species

~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Filter Feeders: a sponge filters particles of food from water using collar cells and then pumps the water out the osculum. Filter Feeders: a sponge filters particles of food from water using collar cells and then pumps the water out the osculum.

~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Live in water Live in water Most have tentacles Most have tentacles catch food with stinging cells catch food with stinging cells gut for digesting gut for digesting

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~  2 different shapes  Medusa - like a jellyfish  Polyp - like a hydra

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~  Flatworms  Flat, ribbon-like body  Live in water or are parasites  bilateral symmetry

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~  Examples: Planaria  eyespots detect light  food and waste go in and out the same opening

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~  Examples: Tapeworm  Parasite that lives in intestines of host absorbing food

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~  Examples: Fluke  parasite  lives inside of host

~Invertebrate Nematoda ~ ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Roundworms Roundworms –Round, tubular body –small or microscopic –bilateral symmetry –have both a mouth and anus –Live in water or are parasites

~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Examples: Examples: –Hookworm –Trichinella

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Soft bodies Soft bodies Hard Shells Hard Shells Live on land or in water Live on land or in water have a circulatory system and a complex nervous system. have a circulatory system and a complex nervous system. Important food source for humans Important food source for humans

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Gastropoda –snails and slugs –may have 1 shell –stomach-footed - move on stomach

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Bivalves –2 shells hinged together –clams, oysters, scallops and mussels

~Invertebrate Mollusca ~ ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Cephalopods –squids and octopuses –internal mantel

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ –Segemented worms –Body divided into segments(sections) –Live in water or underground –have a nervous and circulatory system

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class Earthworms Class Earthworms eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~  Class bristleworms

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class leeches Class leeches parasites that feed on blood of other animals parasites that feed on blood of other animals

~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ Hard, spiny skin Hard, spiny skin Live in salt water Live in salt water Radial symmetry Radial symmetry name means ‘spiney skinned’ name means ‘spiney skinned’ endoskeleton endoskeleton

~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Body divided into sections/segments Body divided into sections/segments Exoskeleton Exoskeleton Jointed legs Jointed legs well developed nervous system well developed nervous system largest group of organisms on earth largest group of organisms on earth

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ 3 subphylums: 3 subphylums: Classified into classes according to the number of legs, eyes and antennae they have. Classified into classes according to the number of legs, eyes and antennae they have.

Subphylum Chilicerata is divided into 3 classes – spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites – horseshoe crabs Merostomata – horseshoe crabs – sea spiders Pycnogonida – sea spiders ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata Class – Arachnida Class – Arachnida no antennae no antennae 4 pairs of legs 4 pairs of legs 2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomen 2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomen spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata Class Class Merostomata Horseshoe crabs Horseshoe crabs –Ancient group of species –Changed little over 350 million years –Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf coasts of United States.

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Chilicerata Class Class Pycnogonida –Sea spider

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum - Crustacea 5 Classes Aquatic ones have gills Aquatic ones have gills 2 antennae 2 antennae 2 body regions or segmented 2 body regions or segmented Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods Many species taste delicious in butter Many species taste delicious in butter

Subphylum Uniramia: 3 classes Subphylum Uniramia: 3 classes Class Insecta (insects) Class Insecta (insects) Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) Class Diplopoda (Millipedes) Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia Class Insecta Class Insecta antennae antennae 3 pairs of legs 3 pairs of legs 3 body regions - head, thorax & abdomen 3 body regions - head, thorax & abdomen grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia Class Class Diplopoda Millipedes Millipedes segmented animals segmented animals Have 2 pairs of legs per segment Have 2 pairs of legs per segment Primarily herbivores & decomposers Primarily herbivores & decomposers

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Uniramia Class Class Chiopoda Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores Have 1 pair of antennae Have 1 pair of antennae Are often poisonous, using modified front claws to immobilize prey Are often poisonous, using modified front claws to immobilize prey

~ Phylum Chordata ~ subphylum Vertebrata 5 classes  Fish  Mammals  Reptiles  Amphibians  Birds