Animal Kingdom

Heterotrophs Multicellular and eukaryotic with no cell walls Invertebrates –95% of all animals –No backbone or vertebral column

Vertebrates 5% of all animals Have a backbone Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

What Animals Do To Survive Feeding –Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores –Filter feeders –Symbiotic relationships Respiration –Diffusion vs. organ system to respire Circulation –Diffusion vs. circulatory system Excretion –Pumps water out of body vs. organs (kidneys) Response –Arrangement of nerve cells Movement –Sessile vs. motile –Muscles Reproduction –Asexual vs. sexual

Trends in Animal Evolution Cell specialization and levels of organization Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems

Body symmetry: arrangement of body structures –Radial: body divided into equal halves –Bilateral: body divided into equal two halves (left and right sides)

Cephalization: sense organs and nerve cells at front end of body

Body cavity: fluid-filled space b/w the digestive tract and body wall Where you find internal organs Acoelomate: no body cavity –Digestive tract found throughout the body Pseudocoelomate: space develops b/w body cavity layers –1-way digestive tract Coelomate: completely surrounded fluid-filled space

Phylum Porifera Means “pore-bearers” Tiny openings (pores) all over body Sessile (do not move) Simplest type of animal Has spicules: spike-shaped structure made of calcium Filter feeders Ex: sponges

Phylum Coelenterates (Cnidaria) Means “hollow gut” Soft bodied, carnivorous Have stinging tentacles around mouth –Stinging cells inside tentacles Ex: hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral

Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms (flat body) 3 embryonic germ layers Acoelomates (no fluid-filled body cavity) Ex: tapeworms, Planaria, flukes

Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Parasitic, free-living Unsegmented Pseudocoelom (false coelom) Digestive tract with 2 openings (mouth and anus) Ex: Ascaris, hookworm, Trichenella, Filaria

Guinea Worm

Phylum Annelida Segmented worms Body has a lot of segments Has true coelom Tube within a tube digestive tract Ex: earthworms, leeches, polychetes

Phylum Mollusca Means soft-bodied Have internal or external shell Foot, mantle, shell, visceral mass

Univalves 1 shell Ex: snails, conchs, slugs

Bivalves 2 shells held together by powerful muscles Ex: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

Cephalopods Means “head-foot” Ex: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish

Phylum Arthropoda Segmented body Tough exoskeleton (made of chitin) Means “jointed-leg” Undergo molting and metamorphosis

Arachnids 2 body segments 8 legs Ex: spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Crustaceans Live only in water Chewing mouthparts called mandibles Ex: crayfish, lobster, crabs, shrimp

Insects 3 body segments –Head, thorax, abdomen 6 legs Ex: flies, bees, grasshopper

Myriapods A lot of legs Ex: centipedes, millipedes

Phylum Echinodermata Means “spiny skin” Internal skeleton Water vascular system Tube feet (suction-cup like structures) Ex: sea urchins, starfish, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars

Ch Review #1 1.Invertebrates that have no coelom lack a a.Heartb. Body cavityc. digestive tractd. mouth 2. Invertebrates with mirror-image left and right sides have ___. a. bilateral symmetryc. unilateral symmetry b. bifunctional symmetryd. radial symmetry 3. Describe the general characteristics of the animal kingdom: a. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?c. Uni- or multicellular? b. Autotrophs or heterotrophs?d. Have a cell wall?

Fish Body Temperature: cold-blooded (ectotherm) Fertilization: external Body covering: scales Limbs: fins Respiration: gills Method of reproduction: lay eggs in water Aquatic animals Streamline shape 2-chambered heart

Jawless Fish Jawless (Agnatha): lampreys, hagfish

Cartilaginous Fish Cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes): sharks, skates, rays

Bony Fish Bony (Osteichthyes): lobe-finned, lungfish, ray-finned

Amphibians Body Temperature: cold-blooded (ectotherm) Fertilization: external Body covering: smooth, moist skin Limbs: 4 webbed feet) Respiration: lungs and skin Method of reproduction: lay eggs in water

3-chambered heart Goes through metamorphosis (tadpole  frog) Ex: Caecilians, frogs, salamanders, newts, mudpuppies

Reptiles Body Temperature: cold-blooded (ectotherm) Fertilization: internal Body covering: dry, scaly skin Limbs: 4 (feet with claws) Respiration: lungs Method of reproduction: lay eggs on land

Terrestrial 3-chambered heart Hard-shelled eggs (amniotic eggs) Ex: turtles, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, tuatara

Birds Body Temperature: warm-blooded (endotherm) Fertilization: internal Body covering: feathers Limbs: 4 (2 wings, 2 legs) Respiration: lungs Method of reproduction: lay eggs on land

4-chambered heart Hollow bones (makes lightweight) Toothless beak Amniote egg Ex: swimming, raptors, perching, flightless, wading

Mammals Body Temperature: warm-blooded (endotherm) Fertilization: internal Body covering: skin with hair Limbs: 4 Respiration: lungs Method of reproduction: give birth to live young 4-chambered heart Nurse young Large, well-developed brains

Monotremes Monotremes  egg laying –Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater

Marsupials Marsupials  pouched –Kangaroo, opossum

Placental Mammals Placental  young in uterus nourished by placenta –11 orders –Ex: humans, horses, cows…etc.

Animal Behavior Behavior: what an animal does in response to a stimulus –Ex: environment, feeding, mating Innate behavior: inherited behavior –Reflex  automatic response to a stimulus (no conscious control) –Fight-or-flight response  gets body ready for greater activity Automatic response (controlled by hormones and nervous system)

Instinctive behavior: involve more complex actions –Courtship behavior: males and females carry out before mating –Territory: physical space an animal defends against other members of its species Uses pheromones to mark territory

Aggressive behavior: used to intimidate another animal of the same species Dominance hierarchy: different levels of dominant and submissive animals –Pecking order

Circadian rhythm: 24 hour, light-regulated sleep/wake cycle of behavior –Controlled by genes Migration: rhythms that occur on a yearly or seasonal cycle –Seasonal movements of animals

Hibernation: body temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, breathing rate drops to conserve energy Estivation: state of reduced metabolism in high heat environments

Learned Behavior Habituation: animal is repeatedly given a stimulus not associated with punishment or reward Imprinting: form social attachment to another object Trial-and-error learning Motivation Classical conditioning  learning by association Insight  using previous experiences to respond to a new situation

Ch Review #2 1.The process of fertilization in which adults release eggs and sperm into surrounding water is called ___. a. asexual reproductionc. internal fertilization b. asexual fertilizationd. external fertilization 2. The process in which eggs are fertilized inside the body of a female is called ____. a. internal fertilizationc. external fertilization b. asexual fertilizationd. asexual reproduction 3. What does an ectotherm use to warm up? 4. Egg-laying mammals are called ____.