1. Characteristics that differentiate animals:
Levels of organization (cells, tissues, organs, organ systems)
Body symmetry (none, radial or bilateral)
Germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Body cavity (acoelom, pseudocoelom, coelom)
Type of body: Segmentation (repeating parts), cephalization (getting a head), limb formation (legs, flippers, wings)
Systems (digestive, circulatory), Reproduction (asexual or sexual), Homeostasis (body temperature)
Type of skeleton (endo- or exoskeleton)

2. 1. Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells
Body Symmetry
Asymmetrical (none)
Germ Layers
Absent
Body Cavity
----
Embryological Development
Segmentation
Cephalization
Incomplete digestive system – filter feeders
Invertebrates
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Examples: sponges

3. 2. Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells, tissues
Body Symmetry
Radial
Germ Layers
Two
Body Cavity
Acoelom (gastrovascular cavity digests and circulates nutrients)
Embryological Development
----
Segmentation
Absent
Cephalization
Invertebrates
Examples: jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, coral

4. 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells, tissues, organs
Body Symmetry
Bilateral
Germ Layers
Three
Body Cavity
Acoelom (Gastrovascular cavity digests and circulates nutrients)
Embryological Development
Protostome
Segmentation
Absent
Cephalization
Present! Can you see the head of these flatworms?
Invertebrates
Flattened body
Includes many parasites
Examples: planaria, tapeworms, many parasites

5. 4. Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells, tissues, organs
Body Symmetry
Bilateral
Germ Layers
3 germ layers
Body Cavity
Pseudocoelom
Embryological Development
Protostome
Segmentation
Absent
Cephalization
Present (look for the mouth)
Have a mouth and anus
Sexual reproduction
Ex: Ascaris is a parasitic roundworm that lives in intestines of pigs and humans

6. 5. Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells, tissues, organs
Body Symmetry
Bilateral
Germ Layers
Three
Body Cavity
True coelom (complete digestive system)
Embryological Development
Protostome
Segmentation
Present (ring-like segments)
Cephalization
Present
Primitive circulatory system
Reproductive openings
Ex: earthworms, leeches

7. 6. Phylum Mollusca (Clams, Snails)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells, tissues, organs
Body Symmetry
Bilateral
Germ Layers
Three
Body Cavity
True coelom
Embryological Development
Protostome
Segmentation
No segmentation
Cephalization
Present
Some can move with a muscular foot
Chitons
Snails, slugs
Squids and octopi
Clams and oysters

8. 7. Phylum Arthropoda (Insects)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells, tissues, organs
Body Symmetry
Bilateral
Germ Layers
Three
Body Cavity
True coelom
Embryological Development
Protostome
Segmentation
Segmented body – head, thorax, abdomen
Cephalization
Present
Most successful animal phylum based on species diversity and distribution
Invertebrates
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton
Examples: insects, spiders, butterflies, crustaceans (lobster, crab), grasshoppers

9. 8. Phylum Echinodermata (Starfish)
Levels of Organization
Specialized cells, tissues, organs
Body Symmetry
Radial (as adults)
Germ Layers
Three
Body Cavity
True coelom
Embryological Development
Deuterostome
Segmentation
Absent
Cephalization
Absent (as adults)
Invertebrates
Arms, and tube feet 
Complete digestive tract
Closed circulatory system
Ex: Starfish, sea urchin, sand dollar, sea cucumber

10. 9. Phylum Chordata (Chordates)
Mostly vertebrates (includes invertebrate chordates too)
Animals in this phylum have a dorsal hollow nerve cord (eventually becomes spinal cord)
Don’t necessarily have a bony vertebral column
Simple circulatory system
Examples of some invertebrate chordates: sea squirts, tunicates
Ex. of vertebrate chordates in upcoming stations (10-17)
Sea squirts
Tunicates

11. 10. Subphylum Vertebrata (Vertebrates) Key Characteristics:
- Notochord replaced by cartilage or bony vertebral column
- 7 Major Classes within Vertebrata:
Agnatha (jawless fish)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Amphibia (amphibians)
Reptilia (reptiles)
Aves (birds)
Mammalia (mammals)

12. 11. Class Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
No jaws
No scales – have SKIN!
7 or 12 gill slits
Continuous median fin
Examples: Hagfish (body made of collagen - rare) Lamprey (has vertebrae)
The hagfish is black

13. 12. Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Flexible skeleton of cartilage
Jaws and paired appendages
Lateral line sensory system
Scales
5 gill slits
Ex: sharks, rays

14. 13. Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Bony skeleton
Operculum (flap) protecting gills and allows fish to breathe without swimming
Scales
Different position of fins and mouth
Swim bladder (derivative of lung)
Ex: Eels, salmon, carp, catfish, walleye, cod

15. 14. Class Amphibia Tadpole  Larva with functional gills
Eggs deposited in water
Undergo metamorphosis
Develop lungs
Four limbs
Ex: frogs, toads,
salamanders, newts

16. 15. Class Reptilia Internal fertilization Amniotic egg No larval stage
Breathe air (lungs)
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Epidermal scales
Ex: turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards

17. 16. Class Aves (Birds) Forelimbs modified to wings Feathers
Hollow bones
Lay shelled eggs
Endothermic (warm blooded)
Ex: eagles, blue jays, pelicans, etc.

18. 17. Class Mammalia Mammary glands (produce milk) Hair or fur
Endothermic (warm blooded)
Examples: humans, cats, dogs, squirrels, horses, etc.