Biology The Study of Life How do we classify and study life?

Section 1: The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things Atoms- ____________________ Molecules- __________________ Organelles Cells Unicellular v. Multicellular Cell Specialization Stem Cells Tissues- __________________ Organs- __________________ Organs Systems- ____________ Organism- ________________ Population- ________________ Community- _______________ Ecosystem- ________________ Global/Biome- _________________

Section 4: The Hierarchy/Levels of Biological Organization I- Atomic (Chemical Level)- Atom is the basic unit of all matter II- Molecules: Atoms combine through chemical bonding to form the molecules that are essential to life such as : H2O, O2, Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Undifferentiated or Non- specialized cells that have the III. Cellular level: The chemicals of life interact to form life at the cellular level Cell- basic unit of structure and function of living things Cell Types: Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic STEM CELLS: Undifferentiated or Non- specialized cells that have the potential to perform any of the cellular functions in people.

IV. Tissue: Is a group of cells acting together to perform the same function V. Organ: A group of tissues acting together for a common purpose VI. Organ System: a group of…….

VII. Organism: A group of systems that work together or any individual living thing VIII. Population: a group of similar organisms (species) living in a specific geographic area which are interdependent Can be single celled or multicellular

IX. Community: The interaction of a group of populations (different species)… all living X. Ecosystem: The interaction of all of the biotic and abiotic factors within a certain geographic range XI. Biome: The interaction of closely related ecosystems

XII. Biosphere: The interaction of all biotic and abiotic factors on the planet, interacting on a global scale

Levels of Biological Organization (Summary)

Section 2. Characteristics of Living Things Made up of cells Obtain and use materials and energy Respond to stimuli within the environment Maintain a stable internal environment (Homeostasis) Growth and development Reproduction Universal genetic code Living things evolve (Change over time)

A. Made of Cells 1. Smallest units considered alive

2. Cells are Either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryote= First Cell Eukaryote= True Cell Life can either be Unicellular or Multicellular. Multicellular life uses Specialized/Differentiated cells. Cells of Nervous System, Heart, Skeletal

B. Obtain and use Material and Energy Metabolism – the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism Mechanisms for Obtaining Energy: Autotroph: Capable of synthesizing own food source Photoautotroph: Photosynthesis: Converting solar energy into chemical energy (sugars) Chemoautotroph: Synthesizes chemicals to produce energy Sulfanogens

Obtain and use Material and Energy Heterotroph: Must obtain food from an outside source Consumers and Predator Prey Relationships

C. Response to the Environment Organism detect and respond to environmental stimuli Stimulus – a signal to which an organism responds Visual, Olafactory, Auditory, Sensory

D. Maintain Stable Internal Environment Homeostasis – stable internal environment, in spite of unstable external environment Body Temp Regulation and Fight or Flight Response

E. Living Things Grow and Develop Every organism has a pattern of growth and development Growth: _______________ Development: ___________

F. Universal Genetic Code All organisms store genetic information in DNA, which is copied and passed to offspring

F. Universal Genetic Code Central Dogma: all living things read the same genetic code the same way.

F. Universal Genetic Code

G. Reproduction Asexual – single organism produces a clone Sexual – cells from 2 parents unite to form a new organism

H. All Living Things Evolve Genetic Change over time

Section 3: Interaction of our environment with living things A Section 3: Interaction of our environment with living things A. Biotic Factors Biological influences on organisms 1. Any living part of the environment 2. Animals, plants, mushrooms, bacteria, etc

B. Abiotic Factors The physical components of an ecosystem 1. Any nonliving part of the environment 2.Sunlight, Heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil, etc. Weather and Geology

Section 4: Life Processes: How we maintain life Nutrition Nutrients – chemical that an organism needs to grow and live Autotroph – an organism that produces its own food Heterotroph – can not make their own food Ingestion Digestion

Transport the process by which substances enter and leave cells and become distributed within the cells Small, simple organisms – diffusion Larger, multicellular organisms – circulatory system http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ALyEeBrnRg&feature=related

Respiration when organisms obtain their energy by releasing the chemical energy stored in nutrients aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration

Synthesis combining simple substances chemically to form more complex substances Assimilation

the process by which living organisms increase in size Growth the process by which living organisms increase in size http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc Cellular specialization

Excretion the removal of waste from the organism’s body

Regulation all the activities that help to maintain an organism’s homeostasis Hormones – the body’s chemical messengers

Reproduction the process by which living things produce new organisms of their own asexual reproduction sexual reproduction

Metabolism: All the chemical reactions occurring with the cells of an organism Cellular Respiration Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods Cellular Respiration 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O

Section 5: Classification of Living Things All Living things can be classified: Taxonomy Domain (Eukarya) Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Primate) Family(Hominidae) Genus (Homo) Species (Sapiens)

Section 4: The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things Caroleus (Carl) Linnaeus: Binomial Nomenclature Two Names: __________ and __________

Section 4: The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things Last two are homo sapiens All Members of the Family Hominidae (Hominids) but only last frame represents members of the Genus Homo

Section 5: The Scientific Method and Experimentation Hypothesis based Science: Utilizes the Scientific Method to derive possible solutions to a problem

Section 5: The Scientific Method and Experimentation In order to test a Hypothesis we must develop a Controlled Experiment Two Groups: Control Group: Group that does not contain our testing variable Gives us a baseline to use in comparison b. Experimental Group: Group that contains our tested factor= VARIABLE

CASE STUDY: Francisco Redi and Spontaneous Generation Theories of Life: Vitalism: _________________ Spontaneous Generation: Belief that life arose from non-living things Recipe for Mice: Recipe for Bees: Kill a bull, Bury it upright so its horns stick out from ground: Let sit a week Recipe for Maggots: Leave meat in sun for three days! It will produce maggots

CASE STUDY: Francisco Redi and Spontaneous Generation Which groups represent control groups? Which groups represent experimental groups?

CASE STUDY 2: MIMICRY HYPOTHESIS Scarlet King Snake (Non-Poisonous) Eastern Coral Snake (Poisonous)