Is it Diabetes Yet? If there is not enough insulin activity, or the body does not use the insulin effectively…. the body's blood glucose rises.

Insulin = a protein (hormone), secreted by islet cells (beta) found on the pancreas

Glucagon = a protein (hormone), secreted by islet cells (alpha) found on the pancreas

Here it is...

Insulin = Stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells. Glucose is then used immediately OR stored as glycogen

Glucagon = Stimulates the liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose.

Too much causes damage to the body proteins. Too little prevents body cells from working properly. Glucose = a monosaccharide, used for energy

Glucose = directly controls Directly controls the insulin and glucagon secretions

Glucose triggers production of insulin Insulin attaches to insulin receptor on cell opens

w/o insulin, glucose can’t bind

When blood glucose rises… maybe you have just eaten breakfast Pancreas secretes insulin Insulin produced in pancreas, and sent through blood stream & liver and muscle cells stimulated by insulin to uptake glucose When blood glucose lowers…maybe you haven’t eaten lunch Pancreas secretes glucagon Glucagon produced in pancreas Promotes the breakdown of glycogen & the release of glucose

DIABETES 2 types:

DIABETES is a leading cause of premature death- results in: cardiovascular diseases, blindness, nerve damage, kidney diseases

TYPE I In Type 1 diabetes for some unknown reason, (genetic predisposition / virus) the Islets of Langerhans are destroyed by the body's own immune system, altering their ability to produce insulin diabetes

TYPE II In Type 2 diabetes, insulin is produced normally, but the tissues and cells of the body are unable to use the insulin manufactured by the Islets of Langerhans. For some reason they have become resistant to the effects of their own insulin. Insulin continues to be made, but the cells are unable to recognize it and use it effectively

Behind the feedback loop: Animal takes in more calories than it needs to produce ATP polymer of glucose units If animal isn’t growing, or reproducing - will store the surplus E. in liver & muscle cells as glycogen = polymer of glucose units If glycogen stores are full, & caloric intake still exceeds caloric expenditure, the excess is stored as fat When fewer calories are taken in than are expended…fuel is taken out of the storage depots… liver glycogen -> muscle glycogen -> fat.

Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of the body in the urine. Thus, the body loses its main source of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of glucose.