Chapter 20 Section 1

 Key Terms  Old Order  Louis XVI  Marie-Antoinette  First Estate  Second Estate  Third Estate  Boureoisie  Sans culottes  Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen  Radical

 Inequalities in Society  Old Order-social and political structure that created inequalities  King was at the top and three groups called estates were under him  King Louis XVI was the king at the time  Lived extravancantly

 Inequalities in Society  Lived at Versailles  Marie Antoinette was from Austria (enemy of France)  She was unpopular  Frivolous and self indulgent  Wore fancy clothes, lavish parties

 Inequalities if Society  Most people wore rags  First Estate  Roman Catholic clergy 1 percent of the population  Clergy had several privileges since the Middle Ages  Only the church courts could try priests or bishops

 Inequalities in Society  Did not have to pay taxes  Land that belonged to the church was not taxed  Church owned 10% of France’s land  Bishops and clergy became very wealthy  Many people resented the wealth and priviledge

 Second Estate  Made up of nobility  Less than 2 percent of the population  Controlled much of the country’s wealth  Paid few taxes  Held key positions in government and military

 Second Estate Many lived in country estates Peasants did all the work Charged high fees and rents Some lived at the king’s court Lived in luxury, jobs ceremonial

 Third Estate Largest group 97% of the people Made up of several groups Bourgeoisie- top, city dwelling merchants, factory owners and professionals Some very educated and rich Did not buy influence of government

 Third Estate  Next were artisans- shoemakers, bricklayers, dress makers laborers  If they had no work they went hungry  Sans culottes-”without knee beeches

 Third Estate At the bottom peasants who farmed Paid rents and fees to landowners Paid 1/10 of income to the church Performed labor like working on the roads without pay Peasants were miserably poor with no hope of a better life

 Enlightenment Ideas  Social inequality driving people to revolt  Enlightenment ideas were inspiring revolution  Bourgeoisie- knew of Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu  Great Britain limited the kings power

 Enlightenment Ideas  American colonists had rebelled against the king

 A Financial Crisis  Third cause for revolution  France was deeply in debt  Borrowed huge sums of money  Some for American Revolution  King spent lavishly

 A Financial Crisis  1787 King Louis XVI tried too tax the Second Estate  Nobles refused to pay  King backed down  Year later country faced bankruptcy  Half the taxes covered the debt

 Financial Crisis  Winter of 1788 was the worst in years  Frozen rivers could not turn mill wheels  Food and firewood were scarce  Hunger and cold made life wretched for thousands

 Financial Crisis  Country was broke  People were hungry  Eliminating tax exemptions for the First and Second Estate would have helped  Clergy and nobility resisted all efforts

 Meeting of the Estates General  Estates General made up the three estates  Wanted to approve new taxes on the third estate  August 1788 Louis agreed to the meeting  Had not met in 175 years  Wrote notebooks to document grievances

 Meeting of the Estates General  People wanted the Estates to pass sweeping reforms  Each Estate had one vote  First and Second usually voted together  Enlightenment philosophers gave Third Estate feeling of importance

 Meeting of the Estates General  King went over voting rules  Third Estate which had more representatives refused the king’s order  June 1789 Third Estate proclaimed themselves legislature  National Assembly had the right to make laws

 Meeting of Estates General  King locked the Third estate out of the meeting  Third Estate met indoors at a tennis court  Swore the Tennis court Oath  Would not leave the court till they wrote a constitution  Louis allowed each representative a vote

 The Storming of the Bastille  Louis ordered troops to Paris and Versailles  National Assembly feared the king would use violence  Paris had sympathy for the national Assembly and started to arm themselves

 Storming the Bastille  July 14, 1789 a mob went to the Bastille looking for weapons  Mob tried to negotiate with the commander  Mob and prison guard exchanged fire  Mob killed the commander and put his head on a stick

 The Spread of Fear  Storming the Bastille was a powerful symbol of the French Revolution  They feared the king would punish them  Spread rumors the king had hired foreign soldiers

 The Spread of Fear  Great Fear swept France  Rumors of massacres spread  Peasants took revenge on landowners  Destroyed records listing feudal dues and rents  Burned nobles homes

 Legislating New Rights  1789 National Assembly eliminated al feudal dues and services  Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen- basic principles  Equality  Liberty  Fraternity (brotherhood)

 Legislating New Rights  Inspired by English Bill of Rights  American Declaration of Independence  Writings of Enlightenment philosophers  All men are born equal and remain equal

 Restrictions on Power  Louis called troops to Versailles to protect his throne  Angered the common people of Paris  7,000 women march on Versailles demanding bread  Mob broke into the palace

 Restrictions on Power  Seized the royal family  National Assembly seized church lands  Sold them off to pay France’s debt  All religious orders were disbanded  Turned the clergy into public employees

 Formation of New Government  1791 National Assembly complete constitution  New legislative body- Legislative Assembly  Citizens gained broad voting rights  Taxpaying men at least 25 years  Kept monarchy severely restricted

 Formation of a New Government  June 1791 king and queen try to flee  Put on disguises fled Paris  Recognized and brought back Tuileries Palace

 Intervention of Foreign Powers  July 1792 Austria and Prussia warn against harming French Monarchs  Hinted at war  Austria sent 50,000 troop to the French border  Legislative Assembly declared war

 Intervention of Foreign Powers  Financial strain, food shortages, high prices  Foreign troops marching toward the city led to unrest  Blamed the army’s defeat on the king  Parisians feared gains of revolution would be undone

 The End of the Monarchy  August 1792 mob slaughters the guards of Tuileries castle  Louis, Marie and her children demoted to commoners  Legislative Assembly voted itself out of existence  August radical faction

 The End of the Monarchy  National convention abolishes the monarchy  Makes France a republic  National Convention met  France won a victory  French Republic held its ground against the old order