Enduring Understandings 1.A government’s actions impacts its citizens. 2.People tend to justify their actions based on ideals and principles. 3.New ideas can lead to conflict and change. 4.Individuals and groups have struggled to attain equality. 5.Leadership can play a significant role in the outcome of war.

The Enlightenment A time period where philosophers began to use logic and reason to look at the world, it’s laws, and how we treat each other. Famous philosophers of the Enlightenment: Montesquieu RousseauLockeSmith Also known as the “Age of Reason”. Sapere Aude! [Dare to know!] Have the courage to use your own intelligence! is therefore the motto of the enlightenment. -- Immanuel Kant

John LockeAdam Smith He argued that humans have the natural rights. Believed that governments have the responsibility to protect people’s rights. Baron de Montesquieu He believed in a separation of powers to avoid tyranny. Smith opposed government interference in economic affairs. Believed in a free market economy with supply and demand. Jean-Jacques Rousseau He wrote The Social Contract in He believed in the idea of popular sovereignty.

Benjamin Franklin Printer, scientist, inventor, author, and philosopher. Author of Poor Richard’s Almanac Very influential on life in the colonies. Below are a few of his achievements: American Philosophical Society Public Libraries Volunteer Fire Brigade Franklin Stove Bifocals Lightning Rod Theories on Electricity

Education in the Colonies 1 st Public Schools established in Massachusetts – Hornbook – textbook – New England Primer – required reading in schools and church – Dame School: main school for women Universities in the colonies: Harvard (New College)College of William & Mary Yale University (College School) University of PennsylvaniaPrinceton University Columbia Univ. (King’s College) Brown UniversityDartmouth College Rutgers (Queen’sCollege)

Newspapers and Books Major source of information and communication was through a printer’s office. Printers served many different roles : – Sold stationary – post office – advertising agency – Newsstand – Would publish broadsides (public announcements), business forms & laws.

The Zenger Trial Printer John Peter Zenger was arrested for “seditious libels” for printing criticism of the Governor of New York. This was an early defense of the freedom of the press in the colonies. The burning of Zenger's New York Weekly Journal (Bettman Archive)

The French and Indian War War between the English Colonies and the French + their Native American allies. 2. Conflict began in the North American colonies. 3. Called the Seven Year’s War in Europe. The results of this war will be a major cause for the colonists to want to fight for independence.

Albany Plan of Union Written by Benjamin Franklin Suggestion to the English Colonies that they needed to unite together to fight the French or they would fail. “ Join, or Die ”

Before (1754)

After (1763)

Proclamation of 1763 The Colonists & the King did not want to pay to keep the armies in the colonies & western frontier. Forbid colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains Colonists upset. Why? They fought the French and Indian War War.

1763 to 1776 Protest Independence Revolution!

TAX Money paid to the government. Mr. Matthews Government

Why did the British need to raise taxes? 1. Pay for the war with France – it was expensive. 2. Extra troops were sent to protect the colonies – it was expensive.

Sugar Act Tax on sugar and molasses – Required direct trade with England for tobacco, timber, and sugar. – Also included taxes on cloth & wine. Harsh punishment of smugglers Why would this upset colonists?

Writs of Assistance (Search Warrants) Military officers could enter homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods. Many colonists felt these violated their natural rights.

James Otis Massachusetts lawyer who protested against unfair English laws such as illegal searches. Raised the issue: No Taxation Without Representation!

Quartering Act Law that said that colonists had to provide: shelter Food and supplies to British soldiers. Mostly affected New York

All legal and commercial documents had to carry a stamp to show that taxes were paid in silver. Stamp Act Tax on : Diplomas Contracts Newspapers Playing cards What is the trend?

Sons of Liberty Secret Society Lawyers, businessmen, and craftsmen Staged protests against British laws they felt were unfair.

Sam Adams Leader of Boston’s Sons of Liberty Argued that the colonies should withdraw and form their own country.

Colonists Protest the Stamp Act Some protests were violent: 1. Burning of stamped paper 2. Attacking officials …many tax collectors quit their positions.

Boycott! Refusal to buy. Many colonists started making their own goods rather than buy from Britain.

Stamp Act Congress – 1765 Nine colonies sent representatives. Write a petition to King George III to repeal the Stamp Act and Sugar Act. Grievance: “No taxation without representation” violates colonists rights.

Victory! Parliament repeals the Stamp Act!!! “The Americans have not acted in all things with prudence and [good] temper. They have been driven to madness by injustice. Will you punish them for the madness you have [caused]?” --William Pitt

…and defeat. Declaratory Act: Parliament had the supreme power to write laws about the colonies.

Townshend Acts Suspended New York representative assembly until they paid for quartering of soldiers. 2.Tariffs on: – Glass – Lead – Paper – Paint – Tea

Daughters of Liberty A.Spin their own wool at home. B.Boycott (don’t buy) British products C.Look for substitutes for British products Ex- Basil tea, coffee Abigail Adams Deborah Franklin Sarah Bradlee Fulton