THE COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

Review Using the example of Kool-Aid and water, identify the solute and solvent. T/F Water is polar. This means it has an uneven distribution of electrons. In water, acids release excess _______ ions. In water, bases release excess _______ ions. BONUS Draw a pH scale from zero to 14. Label neutral, acid, and base.

Spider Silk: Stronger than Steel The spider and the web consists of simple organic compounds

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Monomers and Polymers Complex chains of organic molecules are made from small units of organic molecules Monomers = one unit Polymers = two or more connected units Example One lego block 10 connected lego blocks The process is called polymerization

Carbon – the MOST IMPORTANT atom or organic compounds WHY? A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds Can stably bind with other carbon atoms Able to form single, double, or triple bonds Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model Methane

Carbon skeletons vary in many ways Ethane Propane Carbon skeletons vary in length. Butane Isobutane Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. 1-Butene 2-Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. Cyclohexane Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings. Figure 3.1, bottom part

4 MAJOR GROUPS OF MOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are sugars Basic Name – saccharides MONOMER - Monosaccharide POLYMER - Polysaccharides are long polymers of sugars Examples Bread, candy, sugars

These molecules typically have a formula that is a multiple of CH2O Carbohydrates These molecules typically have a formula that is a multiple of CH2O FUNCTION - carbohydrates provide energy for an organism Figure 3.4A

Notice what is the monomer for these examples Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides that store sugar for later use Notice what is the monomer for these examples Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glucose monomer STARCH Glycogen granules in muscle tissue GLYCOGEN Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall CELLULOSE Cellulose molecules Figure 3.7

LIPIDS

These compounds are composed largely of C and H Lipids These compounds are composed largely of C and H They are non polar. It does not mix with water Figure 3.8A

A lipid molecule = one glycerol + three fatty acids FUNCTION - Lipids main function is energy storage. Lipids also form biological membranes in cells A lipid molecule = one glycerol + three fatty acids Fatty acid Figure 3.8B

The fatty acids of unsaturated fats (plant oils) contain double bonds They are liquid at room temperature Saturated fats (lard) have only single bonds They are solid at room temperature Figure 3.8C

Hair is composed of structural proteins Proteins FUNCTION: cellular structure movement defense transport communication Hair is composed of structural proteins Enzymes are a type of protein that regulate chemical reactions

Proteins MONOMER – amino acid. There are only 20 amino acids POLYMER – protein.

Nucleic Acids

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for proteins They ultimately control the life of a cell Contain C, H, O, N (nitrogen), P (Phosphorous)

MONOMER - nucleotides Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base (A) Phosphate group Figure 3.20A Sugar

The sugar and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid Nucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone Figure 3.20B

FUNCTION – To store genetic information in DNA or RNA The sequence of the nucleotides determine what is made Base pair Nitrogenous base (A) Figure 3.20C

Review What makes carbon special? What are monomers? What are polymers? Can you give an example for each organic compound? What are the four organic compounds? Name a function for each?

Classwork Work on handout We will go over it Concept map Handout on 2-3 We will go over it

Homework SA 2-3 page 48 #1-5 Finish this chart Carbo… Lipid Protein Nuc. Acid Purpose Monomer Polymer