 Pensionados—comprised of the educated and initially middle class Filipinos and government scholars who came to the US to study.  Poor Filipinos who came as a cheap labor supply. Usually made US their new home.

 U.S. goal— political tutelage.  Trained Filipinos in lessons of self-rule to create a pool of qualified, highly educated civil servants with American ideals  Pensionado Act.  Chosen from Filipino elite, some women.  As American democratic ideals took root in Filipino colonies, education spread to young, intelligent individuals, not necessarily rich.  Final goal: to become apensionado. Promised a bright future.

 Most Filipino migrants came as cheap labor.  Hawaii’s economy— sugar production supported by plantation labor.  Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association ( HSPA )— managed recruitment centers.  Estimated 3,000 workers arrived yearly.  Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed. Aside from creating the Philippine Commonwealth, a ten year transition government prior to Philippine independence, the law also restricted immigration to the U.S. to only fifty Filipinos each year

 Glory, happiness, prosperity.  Earning and saving money to return home and life comfortably.

 First—Cheapest to pay. Lowest wages.  Second—Philippines U.S. colony, Filipinos technically U.S. nationals.  Third—alternative for Japanese laborers who started many strikes.  Fourth—Filipinos know how to grow sugar.  Fifth—most Filipinos uneducated, unlikely to cause problems.

 Sakads—workers.  Luna—supervisor.  Work extremely difficult and demanding.  Living arrangements, job assignments, wages based on ethnicity.

 Agricultural economy—workers moved from farm to farm.  Steady need of labor.  Filipinos, good and fast workers, quicker learners, will to work for low wages.

 Often viewed as “half-civilized”, uneducated and worthless.  Racism especially strong towards Filipinos—thought that they were taking the jobs of white workers.  Relations with white women.  Strong dislike led to revolts by the white workers.

 Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, New York, Chicago.

 Transformed American attitudes toward Filipinos.  Allowed to be drafted into army.  Led to Nationality Act—allowed noncitizens who joined the military to have citizenship.

 Labor shortages after war.  To keep plantations optional, U.S. granted exemption of the immigration law for Filipinos.  This group of immigrants known as Sakada—more educated, came with families.

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