Lecture 19 Passive Voice Objectives: 2. Passive voice 1. Summary of Tense, Aspect, Voice and Mood 2. Passive voice 3. Passive infinitive 4. Get- passive 5. Types of passive constructions

1. Summary of Tense, Aspect, Voice and Mood 1)Tense and aspect Tense is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the distinctions of time; that is to say, tense and time are at once related and different. Time is a universal concept with three divisions: present time, past time, and future time. English verbs have two tenses: the present tense and the past tense. There is no obvious future tense. Instead there are a number of possibilities of denoting future time.

1.Summary of Tense, Aspect, Voice and Mood 1)Tense and aspect Aspect as a grammatical term indicates whether an action or a state at a given time is viewed as complete or incomplete. English verbs have two aspects: the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect.

1.Summary of Tense, Aspect, Voice and Mood A combination of the tenses and the two aspects makes it possible for a finite verb phrase to take the following eight forms: Tense aspect Active voice (1) simple present do/does (2) simple past did (3) present /past progressive is/was doing (4) present/ past perfective has/ had done (5) Present/ past perfective progressive has/ had been doing

1)Tense and aspect ---I’m glade that Peter decided to come to the party because we haven’t seen him for several years. ---He ___ Beijing for five years. A. has come to B. has been in C. has arrived D. has gone to Answer: B

1)Tense and aspect I ____ my breakfast when the morning post came. A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having. Answer: D

2) Voice and Mood (1）Indicative mood, Imperative mood, Subjective mood Mood, as a grammatical category ,is a finite verb form that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact (indicative mood), a command or request (Imperative mood), or a non-fact hypothesis ( Subjunctive mood).

2) Voice and Mood Indicative mood expresses a fact or ask a question including statement/ a question Imperative mood express a command or request Subjunctive mood expresses hypothetical meaning or non -factual meaning.

2) Voice and Mood (2) Voice is a grammatical category. It is a form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence acts or is acted on. There are two voices : the active voice the passive voice When the subject is the agent /doer of an action, the verb takes the form of active voice; if , on the other hand, the subject is the recipient of the action, the verb takes the form of passive voice.

2. passive voice The form of the passive voice: the auxiliary be+ ed -participle of the transitive verb (be done) Since the auxiliary be can take different forms of tense and aspect, we have six passive constructions: Tense Passive voice The simple present/past is/ was done The present/past Progressive is/was being done The present/ past perfective have/ had been done

2. Passive Voice Eg: --The visitors are being met at the airport. --He told me that the machine was being repaired. --Last month, the new road had been opened to traffic. --The car has been turned up. (been found by chance)

2. passive voice He discovered that his luggage ___ stolen. A. had been B. has been C. was D. would be Answer: A He ____ with Smith at least four times in the past three years. A. has been seen to meet B. was seen to meet C. had been seen meeting D. Is seen meeting

3. Passive Infinitive Model auxi/ semi-auxi+ infinitive combinations are made passive by using a passive infinitive. Shall/ will Be going to Be to + be done/ have been done Have to

3. Passive Infinitive Infinitive Active Passive Simple present to do to be done Progressive to be doing ---------- Perfective to have done To have been done Perfective progressive ------------ to have been doing

3.Passive Infinitive Eg: --It used to be done this way. --The play is going to be produced on three successive evenings. --These shoes will have to be repaired. --His hair must have been dyed. -- It can’t have been lost in the post, can it?

4. Be passive and get passive Passive voice is formed by using the various forms of the word be plus -ed participle of a verb. Apart from be, get can also be used to form passive voice. The passive voice formed by be and get are called be passive and get passive respectively. In get passive, the doer of the action usually does not appear in the sentence, e.g.

4. Be passive and get passive --This story eventually got translated into English. I don't want to get mixed up with the police again. The cat got run over (by a bus). James got beaten last night.

4. Be passive and get passive 2) Get- passive ( get+ ed): get hurt/ caught/ killed. Compare: It was broken. It got broken It wasn’t broken It didn’t get broken. He got killed by the bus.

4. Be passive and get passive Get passive is usually used in informal style, and it is used not so often as be passive. The action of the get passive voice is usually unfavorable to the speaker or the subject of the sentence. How did that window get opened? (typically implies "It should have been left shut") He got taught a lesson. (He was scolded or punished for something he has done)

4. Be passive and get passive 2) Two related forms of passive sentences There is a kind of active sentences which may be transformed into two passive forms, e.g. People think that he will come. It is thought that he is coming. He is thought to be coming.

2) Two related forms of passive sentences People expect that he will come. It is expected that he will come. He is expected to come.

2) Two related forms of passive sentences As we see from above, the active form of such sentences are complex sentences, and the verbs in the main clauses usually indicate belief, estimate, expectation, and so on. Such verbs include: assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, think, understand, etc. Of the two types, it is used as the subject in one form and the object of the action of the main clause is the subject in the other.

5.Types of passive constructions 1) Passive of ordinary transitive verbs having one object --They should do the work at once. --The work should be done at once. --They must have finished their work. --Their work must have been finished.

1) Passive of ordinary transitive verbs having one object Note that, as is shown in the last example, if there is a modal or semi-auxiliary in the active verb phrase, it is the infinitive that follows that is made passive.

2) Passive of verbs having two objects There are two ways to change this kind of sentence into passive: either the indirect object or the direct object becomes the subject in the passive sentence, e.g. -- She gave us two classes this morning. We were given two classes by her this morning. Two classes were given to us by her this morning.

3) Passive of verbs with complex object In this case, the object complement in the active sentence becomes the subject complement in the passive sentence, e.g. They elected him secretary of the association. (active) He was elected secretary of the association. (passive)

4) Passive of phrasal verbs When they are changed into passive voice, phrasal verbs are usually treated as single-word verbs, e.g. --The doctor has been sent for. All those old conventions were done away with long ago. Every minute and second will be made use of.

4) Passive of phrasal verbs She was quite ready to be fallen in love with. I hate being found fault with. This must be looked into.

4) Passive of phrasal verbs Note that if the phrasal verb is the combination of "verb + noun + preposition", it may be changed into passive voice in two ways, e.g. They had made a mess of the house. The house had been made a mess of. A mess had been made of the house.

exercise 1. It's pay-day, and they are waiting ________. a. for paying 　　b. to be paying c. to be paid 　　 d. to have paid 2. The following factors ought to ________ in mind. a. bear 　　　　　 b. keep c. be held 　　　　d. be borne 3. By the time the applicant makes up his mind, the offer will ________. a. cancel 　　 b. be cancelled c. have been cancelled 　d. have cancelled 4. Brigette thinks her dress is a little too long, so she plans to get it ________. a. shortened 　　 　b. be shortened c. shorten 　　　　　d. to be shortened 5. He was made ________ relationships between the two problems. a. look for under lied 　　 b. look for underlying c. to look for underlain 　　d. to look for underlying

6. When the fire broke out, the house ________. a. became emptied b 6. When the fire broke out, the house ________. a. became emptied 　　　　b. had emptied c. was made empty 　　　 d. became empty 7. The accident ________ when the car tore around the hairpin curve. a. occurred 　　　　　b. was occurred c. had taken place 　　 d. appeared 8. I'll be going to school on foot while my bike ________. a. is repairing 　　　b. is being repaired c. is to repair 　　　 d. is making repairs 9. Various types of reactors ________ for a number of different purposes. a. design and construct 　　 b. are to be designed and constructed c. have designed and constructed d. have been designing and constructing 10. The expansion on heating and contraction on cooling in metals at different rates ________ in manufacturing industry. a. can make use of b. can be making use of c. can be made use of d. are being making used of

11. Bill returned to his house after a holiday, only to find it _________. a. to be broken into 　　　　b. broke into c. had broken into 　　　　　d. broken into 12. The police don't know who ________ for the accident. a. is blamed 　　　　　　　　b. is to blame c. is to be blamed 　　　　　d. blames 13. I beg to ________ tomorrow's meeting. a. be excused to attend b. be excused from attending c. be excused not to attend d. excuse from being attended 14. I bought a pair of shoes yesterday. They will ________ at least a year. a. be lasted for me 　　　　b. be lasted me c. last for me 　　　　　　d. last me 15. Professor Davis often spoke to his colleagues and ________ with enthusiasm. a. was always listened to b. always listened to c. was always listened d. was always listening to

Key to the exercise 1. c　2. d　3. c　4. a　5. d　6. c 7. a　8. b　9. b　10. c　11. d 12. b　13. b　14. d　15. a