World History - Libertyville HS The Ancient Eqyptians World History - Libertyville HS

Geography River valley in the middle of a desert Desert prevented invaders from attacking Egypt Nile River over 4,100 miles long Flowed from S to N, emptying into the Med. Traveling the Nile (upriver / downriver) “Upper” vs. “Lower” Egypt Nile Delta: rich farmland

Merchants, soldiers, scribes Social Hierarchy Social Hierarchy Very stratified society Pharaoh and family Nobility, priests, generals Merchants, soldiers, scribes Farmers, laborers (late in Egyptian history) Slaves Mobility up or down possible Women in Egypt Same rights as men Could own, trade property Propose marriage, seek divorce Pharaoh & family Nobility & priests Merchants, soldiers, scribes Farmers, laborers

Egyptian Technology Hieroglyphics Pictographic writing Later, picture came to stand of for a sound (phonetic) First written on stone and clay L:ater written on papyrus, an early form of paper Calendar – helped anticipate Nile River flooding, planting seasons

Egyptian Technology Mathematics Medicine Excellent at geometry Skillful engineers, architects Medicine Doctors could check pulse Set bones with splints Actually performed successful surgeries

Egyptian Religion After 3100 BC, pharaoh worshipped as a god Other gods: 2000 + Ra = sun god Horus = sky god Osiris = afterlife god Isis = mother & wife goddess

The Afterlife Egyptian belief in afterlife Eternal life available to all Practice of mummification for elite, royal dead Embalm, dry corpse Remove all organs Wrap in wax cloth bandages Put in coffin in tomb surrounded by all things dead person would need in afterlife Buried pharaohs in pyramids or tombs

History of Egypt Early history Upper Egypt crown Lower Egypt crown Early history 6-7000 years ago: first people moved into area River allowed easy communication Great unifier = King Narmer (ca. 3100 BC) Legendary king who unified upper, lower Egypt Established Egyptian state Earliest hieroglyphics from this time Crowns of Lower, Upper Egypt Double Crown of Egypt

History of Egypt Early Dynastic Period (1st to 3rd Dynasties) (2950-2575 BC) Highly organized society Irrigation projects Thus, politically unified state First step pyramid built Old Kingdom Period (4th to 8th Dynasties) (2660-2180 BC) Primary pyramid building time (Great Pyramid) Hieroglyphics developed Many characteristics of later Egyptian society established

History of Egypt First Intermediate Period (9th to 11th Dynasties) (2175-1975 BC) State split in two Rival Egyptians fought for power Middle Kingdom (11th to 14th Dynasties) (1975 to 1640 BC) United under strong pharaohs Conquered Nubia (gold mines) Classical period of art, literature

History of Egypt Second Intermediate Period (15th to 17th Dynasties) (1630-1520 BC) Hyksos (Indo-European tribe from Palestine) invaded Lower Egypt Composite bows Metal (bronze) armor Chariot Hyksos were absorbed into dominant Egyptian culture Egyptian dynasties continued in South

History of Egypt New Kingdom (18th to 20th Dynasties) (1539-1075 BC) Egyptians overthrew Hyksos in long war Egypt became an empire (Nubia, Palestine) Pharaohs were warriors, not priests Anti-foreigner movement (Jews thrown out of Egypt)

History of Egypt Third Intermediate Period (21st to 25th Dynasties) (1075 -715 BC) “Sea People” invaded through Palestine Nubians conquered Egypt Late Period (26th to 30th Dynasties (715-332 BC) Egypt conquered by Assyrians, then Persians Became independent in 404 BC

History of Egypt Greco-Roman Period (from 332 BC) Conquered by Macedonians (Alexander the Great), 332 BC Ptolemy, one of Alexander’s generals, est. himself as king in 320 BC Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BC after defeating Mark Anthony & Cleopatra Rosetta stone carved, 196 BC