Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile” Chapter 3 Dynasty Dynasty Pharaoh Pharaoh Bureaucracy Bureaucracy Vizier Vizier Mummification Mummification Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics Hieratic script Hieratic script

The Impact of Geography The Nile Delta is called Lower Egypt The Nile Delta is called Lower Egypt The land upstream, to the south, is called Upper Egypt The land upstream, to the south, is called Upper Egypt Egypt’s important cities developed at the tip of the delta, the point at which the Nile divides into two major branches forming the delta Egypt’s important cities developed at the tip of the delta, the point at which the Nile divides into two major branches forming the delta

The Impact of Geography The most important feature of the river was its yearly flooding The most important feature of the river was its yearly flooding The Nile reached highest point in Sept. and Oct., and left behind a deposit of mud that created an area of rich, fertile soil several miles wide on both sides of the river called the “Black Land” The Nile reached highest point in Sept. and Oct., and left behind a deposit of mud that created an area of rich, fertile soil several miles wide on both sides of the river called the “Black Land” The deserts were called the “Red Land” The deserts were called the “Red Land” The Nile = transportation, communication, natural defense The Nile = transportation, communication, natural defense

The Importance of Religion Egyptians were polytheistic (Ra, Osiris, Isis, Set, Horus) Egyptians were polytheistic (Ra, Osiris, Isis, Set, Horus) Major gods were sun and land gods (the natural world) Major gods were sun and land gods (the natural world) Had no word for religion – just a part of the entire world order Had no word for religion – just a part of the entire world order

Egyptian Government – The Beginnings Menes – first leader – united upper and lower Egypt - founded the first dynasty Menes – first leader – united upper and lower Egypt - founded the first dynasty Around 3100 BC Around 3100 BC Double crown symbolizing both kingdoms Double crown symbolizing both kingdoms

Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt

The Old Kingdom 2700 – 2200 BC 2700 – 2200 BC Title of Pharaoh is used Title of Pharaoh is used Develop a government administration Develop a government administration Mummification Mummification Pyramids Pyramids

Pyramids – the Old Kingdom Burial place for pharaoh Burial place for pharaoh Rooms with supplies for afterlife Rooms with supplies for afterlife Largest pyramid is at Giza Largest pyramid is at Giza Pyramid is the symbol of the Old Kingdom Pyramid is the symbol of the Old Kingdom

The Middle Kingdom Period of Stability between 2050 to 1652 BC Period of Stability between 2050 to 1652 BC Conquered Nubia – land of gold Conquered Nubia – land of gold Pharaohs take on building projects such as draining swampland Pharaohs take on building projects such as draining swampland Ends with the invasion of Egypt by the Hyksos (people from Western Asia) Ends with the invasion of Egypt by the Hyksos (people from Western Asia)

The New Kingdom Hyksos teach Egyptians to use bronze in farming tools and weapons, and horse-drawn chariots Hyksos teach Egyptians to use bronze in farming tools and weapons, and horse-drawn chariots New Kingdom was 1567 to 1085 BC New Kingdom was 1567 to 1085 BC Buildings and military campaigns Buildings and military campaigns Conquer and occupy Palestine and Syria Conquer and occupy Palestine and Syria This is the kingdom of Hatshepsut, Akhenaton, Tutankhamen, and Ramses II This is the kingdom of Hatshepsut, Akhenaton, Tutankhamen, and Ramses II Collapses in 1085 BC Collapses in 1085 BC

Building Projects of Ramses II

The End of Egypt Dominated by Libyans, Persian, Nubians, and Macedonians (after Alexander the Great) Dominated by Libyans, Persian, Nubians, and Macedonians (after Alexander the Great) Cleopatra tried to reestablish independence in the 1 st century BC but her involvement with Rome and her suicide end with Egypt becoming simply another province of Rome Cleopatra tried to reestablish independence in the 1 st century BC but her involvement with Rome and her suicide end with Egypt becoming simply another province of Rome

Cities Egyptian Cities: Memphis, Thebes, Akhetaten Egyptian Cities: Memphis, Thebes, Akhetaten Homes built of mud bricks Homes built of mud bricks Main temples built of stone to important gods and goddesses Main temples built of stone to important gods and goddesses Towns often named for the important god Towns often named for the important god

WritingWriting Writing emerged around 3000 BC Writing emerged around 3000 BC Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics Hieratic script Hieratic script First carved in stone and later written on papyrus First carved in stone and later written on papyrus

Art, and Science Stylized form in sculpting Stylized form in sculpting Advances in math in order to build, and geometry Advances in math in order to build, and geometry 365-day calendar (based on the movement of the moon and the star Sirius 365-day calendar (based on the movement of the moon and the star Sirius Embalming Embalming Medicine: splints, bandages, compresses Medicine: splints, bandages, compresses

Social Structure Society in a simple structure = a pyramid Society in a simple structure = a pyramid Pharaoh Pharaoh nobles & priests Middle class, and merchants Middle class, and merchants Lower class: farmers, peasants, forced labor