1 Environment Engineering I Dr. Amal Hudhud Dr. Abdel Fattah Hasan AnNajah National University Civil Engineering Department Solid Waste Management Chapter Twelve- section 1

perspective Solid waste describe things we through away According to USA EPA Solid Waste : include any discarded item thing destined for reuse, recycle or reclamation, sludge, hazardous waste exclude radioactive waste This chapter concern with Solid Waste generated from residential and commercial sources

Magnitude of the problem Increase in population create more problems USA SW per capita increased from 1.2 kg in 1960 to 2.13 kg in The amount of SW collected from residential areas depend on: –Climate –Time of the year –Education –Location –Collection and disposal practices

Characteristic of solid waste The term Refuse or Solid Waste is classified according to : –Point of origin (domestic, agriculture, industrial –Natural of material (organic, inorganic, putrescible …. The classification of SW is used for choosing the treatment, collection, recycling and disposal options Putrescible : animal and vegetable waste resulting from handling, cooking, preparing, and serving of food

Characteristic of solid waste

Solid waste collection Who make the collection? –City employees –Private firms (contract with city government- private residents) Frequency of collection –Amount of waste –Climate –Cost –Public request

Solid waste collection For collection of solid waste contains putrescible waste the max period should not be greater than: –Normal time for the accumulation of the amount that can be placed on the containers of reasonable size –Amount fresh putrescible take to decay and emit foul odor –The length of the fly breeding cycle (less than 7 days in hot summer

Solid waste collection Major consideration when actual methods of collection sre determined: –How SW will be collected –How crew will be managed –How the truck will be routed

Waste as resource

Background and perspective The prevention of waste generation (resources conservation) and the productive use of waste material (resources recovery) represent means of alleviating some of the problem of SWM Processable MSW could provide with high percentage of our need from glass and paper

Background and perspective

recycling 1- introduction Closed loop or primary recycling: is the use of recycled product to make the same or similar product (use glass bottles to make other type of class bottles) Secondary recycling: used recycled material to make new product with different characteristic than the origin (milk jugs made of HDPE can be recycled into types of drainage pipe) Tertiary recycling: recovery of chemical or energy from post consumer waste material (many electronic company recover solvent use in manufacturing process and distill them for reuse)

recycling 2- Method of collecting recyclable Materials –curbside collections ( one bins or number of bins) –Drop off centers To evaluate and select the most appropriate drop- off systems –Location –Material handeled –Population –Number f centre –Operation –Public information

recycling 3- recycling of materials

recycling 4- improving the Market for recyclables: factors effect market and price –Economic condition –Overall demand –Transportation cost –Quality of recovered material –Export market

composting Compost : decomposition of organic materials such as leaves, grass and food by microorganism) crumbly, earthy smell, soil like material). Material to be composted should contain both Nitrogen and carbon sources ( N:C, 1:30 to achieve optimum microorganism growth ) The composting process involves four main components : organic matter, moisture, oxygen, and bacteria

Source reduction – prevent formation of waste. –Design manufacture, purchase and use material in way that minimize the amount of toxicity of the waste we generate. –Reduce waste – reduce cost of recycling, landfill, composting –Conserve natural resources, reduce pollution

Waste reduction and Process Modification: Redesigning of product and packing to reduce the quantity of materials generated (reduction of mass) Nontoxic material can be substituted for other toxic ones Using

Reuse of product Reusing when possible:- examples –Using durable coffee mugs rather than disposal cups –Reusing boxes for other purposes –Purchase refillable pens –etc

Education and legislation Should education of people about benefits of recycling and reusing products and minimizing the waste or enforcing by legislation

combustion To reduce waste volume, local governments or private operators can implement a controlled burning process called combustion or incineration Burning waste at extremely high temperatures also destroys chemical compounds and disease-causing bacteria.