Jefferson's Presidency

1800 Page 168 Section 3 Privately called his election the “revolution of 1800” Thought Hamilton and Washington acted like royalty Worked to create a more informal style for presidency Ex: instead of formal receptions, intimate (friendly) dinners with a circular table Why might the shape of the table make a difference to Jefferson? “when brought together in society, all are perfectly equal”

Federalism vs. Anti-Federalism Jefferson did not overturn all Federalist policies Worked to integrate (combine) Republican ideas with existing Federalist policies in a few instances However, Jefferson still hoped to limit federal power

Change Began paying off federal debts Cut government spending Ended the whiskey tax Planned on shrinking the army and relying on local militia How did these changes reflect or reinforce Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican’s anti-federalist beliefs?

Economics Federalists expected that Jefferson would close the national bank they worked to create Jefferson named Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin supported Hamilton’s system

Goals of Expansion Jefferson strongly believed a republic (like the U.S.) would only survive if most people owned land Led Jefferson to support expanding the country farther west

Causes for Concern 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte struck a deal with Spain France got the Louisiana territory back in exchange for helping Spain take control of a part of Italy Jefferson was concerned because this gave France control of the lower Mississippi He believed this would force U.S. into an alliance with the British Jefferson “despised”(hated) the British

Pre-Louisiana Purchase In order to avoid an alliance with Britain, Jefferson tried to block the French and Spanish deal and/or gain concessions Sent Robert Livingston (a U.S. Ambassador) to Paris, France in 1801 Unsuccessful until 1803, when Napoleon began planning to conquer Europe

Louisiana Purchase In 1803, Napoleon wanted to avoid a British- American alliance in case France went to war with Britain Also, France was low on funds Napoleon offered to sell the Louisiana territory and New Orleans to the U.S. Livingston accepted the deal immediately

Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803 U.S. officially bought Louisiana territory for 11.25 million dollars plus an additional 3.75 million dollars of French debts owed to American citizens equaling 3.75 million Total cost about 15 million Senate approved basically doubled the size of the United States Also, gave America complete control of the Mississippi river

Testing our Knowledge

Lewis and Clark Prior to the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson asked congress to fund a secret expedition into the Louisiana territory Wanted the explorers to follow the Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean After Congress approved the expedition Jefferson selected Meriwether Lewis (Jefferson’s secretary) and William Clark (brother of Revolutionary War hero George Rogers Clark) to head the journey

“Corps of Discovery” Name of the Lewis and Clark expedition During the journey they met Sacagawea a Shoshone woman who went along as a guide and interpreter Found a path through the Rocky Mountains and traced the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean Expedition also gave U.S. claim to the Oregon territory (along the coast)

Sacagawea and York York -saved Clark’s life after a flash flood in the Missouri River, made several other contributions as well Sacagawea- served as a guide and interpreter

The Pike Expedition Zebulon Pike –mapped the upper Mississippi Charted what is now known as Pike’s Peak in Colorado Mapped part of the Rio Grande Overall, gave detailed description of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains

The Essex Junto Louisiana Purchase worried New England Federalists Region would lose influence in national affairs South and West would gain states giving them more political power Small group of Federalists known as the Essex Junto drafted a plan to take New England out of the Union The Junto persuaded vice president Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY in hopes of expanding their movement

Aaron Burr Alexander Hamilton

The Duel Burr decided to run During Burr’s Campaign Hamilton called Burr “a dangerous man, and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government” Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel June 11, 1804 the two met Burr shot Hamilton who died the next day

An Independent Judiciary Towards the end of Adams presidency Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 Created 16 new federal judge positions Adams then appointed Federalist judges to these positions These judges were called the “midnight judges” Because Adams stayed up to midnight during his last day in office signing these appointments

Republican Response Republicans were angry that the Federalists controlled the courts When Jefferson took office he repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 This took away the positions given to the “midnight judges”

Impeachments Republicans then tried to remove additional Federalists judges through the process of impeachment They believed that: the power of impeachment was one of the checks and balances established in the Constitution Congress could impeach judges as well as have them removed for “arbitrary”(random or biased) or “unfair” reasons and not just for breaking the law

Precedent 1804 the House of Representatives impeached Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase During one trial he ordered Democratic-Republicans removed from the jury He spoke badly about Jefferson to another jury However, the Senate did not convict him A number of senators did not believe he committed “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors” required in the Constitution for his removal Since Chase was impeached but not convicted, his case determined that future judges could only be removed for criminal acts

Chief Justice John Marshall Adams most significant judicial appointment Served as Chief Justice 34 years Largely credited for making the Supreme Court a major branch of the federal government Largely through the case Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury vs. Madison (Background) William Marbury (Federalist) was appointed by John Adams who signed his commission and sealed it with the official government seal the last night of his presidency However, it had been left for the next secretary of state (James Madison) to deliver Newly elected President Jefferson told Madison not to deliver it Marbury sued for his commission as a Justice of the Peace based of off a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789

Marbury vs. Madison (Ruling) “Requests for federal court orders go directly to the Supreme Court” Marbury asked the court to “issue a court order” forcing Madison to deliver the documents Court declared that this portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional (now invalid) Directly goes against a portion of the Constitution Constitution does not state that court orders are a type of case that goes directly to the Supreme Court This marked the first time Judicial Review was used by the Supreme Court

Marbury vs. Madison (Results) Madison did not have to deliver the commission to Marbury But more importantly, the Supreme Court established their power to determine whether a law is constitutional If not constitutional they can “strike it down” (end that law)

Pirates

The Barbary States

The Barbary Pirates Jefferson had to deal with pirates raiding American ships in the Mediterranean These acts of piracy were state-sponsored by Barbary States along the Northern Coast of Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, & Tripoli) European countries paid “tribute” (bribes) to these Barbary States In exchange the pirates would leave their ships alone Thought it was less expensive than fighting

Barbary Pirates 1795, U.S. paid almost one-million dollars to the leader of Algiers to release one ship with its crew Jefferson had enough of this before becoming president He refused any more payments Tripoli declared war on U.S. in 1801 Jefferson sent some of the navy to the Mediterranean region Marks the first foreign military conflict in U.S. history

Military success 1805, America had posed a legitimate threat of a coup (rebellion) within Tripoli The government in Tripoli backed off America no longer had to pay tribute after another military conflict between the U.S. and the Barbary States in 1815

“Economic Warfare” 1803 Napoleon’s armies were at war with Britain (again) Good for U.S. merchants at first Traded with French Colonies since French ships were being attacked by British Navy U.S. claimed neutrality and Britain left U.S. ships alone until… 1806 Britain issued the Orders in Council All ships going to Europe must have British licenses and would be searched for contraband (illegal imports)

Napoleon’s Response Anybody who follows Britain’s shipping regulations will have their goods (on their ships) confiscated by the French Lose- Lose situation for American Merchants

America not Impressed British navy short on men low pay and poor conditions British sailors often escaped to American ships Britain attempted to solve their shrinking navy through impressment : A legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into military service Britain stopped American ships and searched for deserters(runaways), often taking American citizens also

Final Straw June 1807 British warship called the Leopard stopped an American warship called the Chesapeake British searching for deserters U.S. captain refused to cooperate British opened fire killing three Americans U.S. surrendered and the British took four U.S. soldiers

The Embargo Act 1807 U.S. press now spoke of war In hopes of avoiding war, Jefferson urged congress to pass the Embargo Act 1807 Embargo- government forbids trade with another country/countries This act hurt the U.S. more than Britain or France Northeast-shipping business halted South and West-demand for their crops dropped dramatically

Repeal In March 1809, Towards the end of Jefferson’s second term , congress repealed the Embargo Act of 1807 This embargo made Jefferson’s popularity plummet Jefferson returned to Monticello, his estate in Virginia after completing his second term as president Succeeded in limiting some of the powers of the federal government More than Doubled the size of the U.S. with the Louisiana Purchase

Monticello