Review Hint game

Patriarchal Men as hunters Men as traders and warriors Men as head of family Societal Structure

River Valleys Yellow Indus Nile Where we find the earliest agricultural societies

Mesopotamia Sumer Babylonians In present day Iraq “between the rivers”

Pastoralism Fertile crescent goats Typically nomadic Horse peoples on the Asian steppe

City-state Sumer Sparta Maya Political structure: independent cities that had their own legal and social structure

Bronze Age Minoans Hittites Shang Ancient Egypt Age that predated the Iron Age

Hammurabi Ancient King of the Amorites (Babylonian Empire) Law codes based on class

Phoenicians Carthage Sea People Alphabet

Nubians Connected Egypt to interior of Africa Ruled Egypt in 9 th C… the “Black Pharaohs of Egypt” Lived south of Egypt and had key cities such as Meroe People of the bow

Minoans Inhabited the Aegean Bronze Age civ Flush toilets Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from their capitol of Knossos on Crete

Diffusion Spread of ideas Spread of diseases Spread of… well, everything Ex: Bantu language and culture spread from W. Africa to all reaches of sub- Saharan Africa

Iron Age Assyrians First to initiate were the Hittites An age that first started with the Mycenaens Democratized metallurgy… but an age

Alexander the Great Macedonian Father was Phillip II Educated by Aristotle Conquered Persia, but died and opened the door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may have met him) Hellenized Persia Started the Greek Hellenistic Age

Hellenism Greek colonization of Persia and the Mediterranean Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East “Like Greece”

Classical Empires Before 600BCE Empires with strong militaries and centralized governments All pressured and defeated bypeoples from the Asian Steppe Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta

Rome Kingdom, Republic, Empire Italy City-state that grows to conquer most of Western Europe and the Mediterranean Split in two Defeated by barbarians

Mediterranean Trade Network on the Roman Lake Carthage and Rome attempt to control it Key reason for the spread of the Black Death to Europe Ottoman’s and Venetians vie for control Battle of Lepanto was largely due to this network

Punic Wars Rome vs Phoenicians… Phoenician Carthage, that is 2 nd one found Romans running from Hannibal and his elephants Third war Rome devastated Carthage

Augustus Adopted heir of Julius Caesar Octavian First emperor of Rome More stringent laws and focus on family values (Pater-familias) Ushers in the Pax Romana

Pax Romana Ushered in by Augustus Roman Peace Empire had expanded enough to create buffer states that provided security for citizens and merchants

Athens Greek city-state Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Early democracy Defeated the Persians at Marathon Eventually Persians burn this city to the ground… but then rebuild it.

Marathon Persian vs. Greek Athenian victory Angers Persia Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army in an attempt to defeat the Greeks

Maurya Empire Founder may have met Alexander Power Vacuum left by Alexander may have led to the rise of this empire

Celts First peoples to settle Europe Settled a land called Gual Eventually will make their way North to Ireland

Dynastic Cycle Continuation of norms in China From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui to Tang to Song… Probably the main reason that the fall of Western Europe was so much worse on the region than the fall of the Han in China Round and round she goes…

Zhou Dynasty constantly at war Spring and Autumn period (don’t be fooled, kingdoms were warring) Warring States period (kingdoms banded together to form states and kept on fighting) Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!

Qin United China (of course it all falls apart a few more times) Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of China) Dynasty that followed Zhou

Han Strong centralized government Bureaucrats placed in high positions Strong military to defend their northern frontiers Founded by Liu Bang Dynasty that followed the Qin Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by some) led to their downfall

Vedic Age Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India and started this period Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda) Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan and Dravidian languages Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the Caste system

Caste System India Reinforced by Hinduism… especially reincarnation Rejected by Buddhism Class system

Constantinople Earlier known as Byzantium City on the Bosporus First Roman Christian City Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom) Taken by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul Founded by Constantine

Diaspora Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in 586BCE). Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in the Indian Ocean Africans brought to the New World and to areas of the Middle East Means dispersion

Gupta Classical Empire India Theater State Defeated by White Huns

The Huns From the Asian Steppe Pastoral nomads Pushed German tribes into Europe Attila

Germanization During and after the fall of Rome People groups entering Europe at the end of the Classical Age Changed the culture and structure of Europe: from Latin to German

Olmec Americas (Mesoamerica) Mother Culture Big Heads Were-jaguars and sacrifices

Dao Belief system in China The Way Harmony between humanity and nature Founded by Laozi

Apostle Paul Roman Citizen Spread Christianity Successfully set up churches in cosmopolitan Rome

Legalism Another response to the constant fighting during the Zhou Ideas embraced by the Qin Men need strict laws and strict leaders to function well in society

Judaism Belief system with origin in the Middle East Dualism Covenant between Hebrew people and God Abraham is the patriarch

Confucianism China Response to Warring States Period Social Harmony Created strict social hierarchy Examination system was based on these ideals

Hinduism India Polytheism Aryan origins Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs along with the Vedas Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and to S.E. Asia

Buddhism Indian Origin Response to Caste System and reincarnation Rejected by India Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia and E. Asia Rejected by the Tang Dynasty Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

Christianity Middle Eastern Origin During the Roman Empire Paul and others spread this belief system through the Eastern Mediterranean Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox and later Protestantism