The Greek City-States c.2000 B.C.- 404 B.C.

Sea and Land Geography of Greece Short mountain ranges cut up the mainland Mountains kept villages apart and allowed invaders from the North Rivers are short No large kingdoms led to formation of city-states

Early Greek Peoples Minoans Earliest Greek civilization Palace and Homes of nobles had running water Artists covered walls with frescoes Minoans were sailors/traders Crete King Minos

Early Greek Peoples The Mycenaean Controlled Greece form 1600 BC to 1200 BC Warring people that formed clans Built fort like cities Adopted the Minoan form of writing called Linear B

City States of Greece Covered a small area of land Most were slaves/non citizens Only free adult males had citizenship rights Built forts on an acropolis Each city state had an agora Each polis form its own government and laws Common Things Spoke same language Religious ideas, characteristics, and social patterns

Government and Society Objectives: Explain Importance of Homer’s Work Identify major religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Greeks Describe changes that occurred in the governments of the Greek city states

Greek Culture Traveling poets sang or recited folk songs, ballads, or epics Homer- blind poet who wrote the epics Iliad and the Odyssey Iliad tells of the Legend of the Trojan War The Odyssey tells what happened after the Trojan war

Religious Beliefs 3 things for Religion To explain nature, emotions that causes people to lose self-control, and certain benefits Believed spirits went to gray, gloomy underworld ruled by Hades Created Myths about gods, goddesses, and heroes Oracles- where gods spoke through priests

Zeus King of gods God of the Sky and Rain Weapon of choice is his coveted Thunderbolt

Athena Protector of Wisdom and Womanly Goodness

Apollo God of light, music, and poetry

Dionysus God of Fertility and Wine

Olympics Greeks showed strength and bravery to the gods in athletic events Olympic Games Held every 4 years to honor Zeus Only men competed Foot races, javelin and disc throw, and wrestling First games held in 776 B.C.

Greek Government City-state originated as small kingdoms Aristocrats would eventually represent each noble city state Greek city states that were controlled by nobles were known as Aristocracies Acted as judges, determined the laws & punishment Controlled religion

Greek Government Hoplite Heavy infantry who carried long spears fought in close formations Chariots and Calvary was no match for the Hoplites Became important to the defense of the city-state

Greek Government Tyrants Illegally took power but with people’s support Ruled well, at first, then became unjust Popular Government People can and should rule themselves Democracy Government in which citizens take part Full political rights to small part of population Women and slaves lacked political rights

Sparta and Athens Objectives: Analyze the society of Sparta Explain the development of democracy in Athens

Sparta: The Military Ideal Helots- Conquered people of the Peloponnesus Spartan Society Equals- descendants of the invaders, controlled the city-state, and equal land among citizens. Half-citizens- free, paid taxes, and served in the army but had no political power Helots- slaves of the Spartans

Sparta Government Two Kings head of Government Council of Elders One King led army Other king took care of the home matters Council of Elders 28 male citizens over the age of 60 Assembly of all males over 30 years old Elected 5 ephors to make sure the King stayed within the law

Sparta Military Society Every adult male was part of the military Age 7 Lived in military barracks Age 18-20 Trained for war Age 20 Began military service Remained available for military service until 60 years of age

Athens Society Citizens formed the top group Metics Slaves Only Athenian born men had political rights Metics Non citizens, free, paid taxes Could not take part in government Slaves People captured during war Athenians considered slavery natural and necessary

Athens Government Only citizens who owned land held office All adult males meet in assemblies Elect 9 archons Draco- created Athens 1st written law code around 621 B.C.

Athens Government Solon Settled disputes between creditors and debtors Outlawed slavery for debt Solon divided all citizens into four groups based on wealth Peisistratus Ruled Athens as a tyrant from 546-527 B.C.

Athens Democracy Cleisthenes Athens 10 tribes Turned Athens into a democracy Cleisthenes form of government is known as direct democracy Athens 10 tribes Each tribe chose 50 men to form Council of 500 Members served for 1 year and could not serve twice Council proposed laws to assembly Assembly had final authority

Daily Life in Athens Athenian Economy Terracing helped farmers plant on hillsides Colonies were established by Athenian farmers/workers Spent money on public buildings Set up colonies and traded goods in the Mediterranean Sea

Home and Family Lived in simple homes Marriages were arranged Purpose of marriage was to have children Women considered inferior Could not own or inherit property Boys cared for by a Pedagogue

Education and Military Young Athenian boys studied reading, writing, grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics Sophists taught older boys government, math, ethics and rhetoric At 18, Athenian males received 1 year of military training

The Expansion of Greece Objectives: Explain how the Persian Wars began and what the results of those wars were Analyze the effects of Pericles's leadership in Athens Explain how the Peloponnesian War began and its result

The Persian Wars Series of conflicts betweens Greece and Persia that lasted from 500 B.C. to 479 B.C. Battle of Marathon Athenians defeated the Persians, ending the Persian Wars Battle of Thermopylae 300 Spartans fought bravely against the Persians Give other Greek city-states time to prepare to fight

The Persian Wars Themistocles Athenian leader who helped to defeat the Persian navy by tricking Xerxes at the Salamis Straight Persian Navy was larger than the Greek Greek ships were more maneuverable This ended the Persian Wars

Results of the Persian War Persian War unified the Greek city-states to protect themselves Athenians rebuilt and created it own empire in the Aegean Sea Delian League Alliance of city-states with Athens as it leader Included 140 city-states, each contributed money and ships Sparta feared Helot rebellion and kept troops close to home

Age of Pericles 461 B.C.- 429 B.C. Leader of Athens Great statesman and General Built Parthenon and Acropolis Athens reached its peak power and wealth Made Athens the cultural and political capital of Greece

Athens Democracy All male citizens, except the lower class, could hold public office Office holders were paid a salary Chosen by lot so that no one had an advantage

Strengthening of Athens Established colonies in important or rebellious area Used the Navy to keep the Persians out of the Aegean Sea Used power of Athens to ensure prosperity and stability Strengthen the Delian League Forced city-states to join the league Athens made all decision for the league

Peloponnesian War Between Sparta and Athens Reasons for War Old rivalries Athenian control of Delian League Quarrels over trade Young men eager to fight

Sparta vs Athens Sparta Has the stronger Army Began the fighting by invading the Attic Peninsula in 431 B.C. Forced the Athens to retreat behind the walls of Athens Athens Has the stronger Navy Brought food into the city by ships in the Aegean Sea Athens plague killed Pericles

Sparta vs. Athens War lasted 27 years Punctuated by periods of truce and armed peace Sparta joined forces with Persia to cut off the Athenian Starving Athens surrendered in 404 B.C. After War Sparta attempted to control all of Greece City-states continued to fight each other for years

Essay Question Compare the social classes in Spartan society with those in the Athenian society. Citizens in Athens and equals in Sparta were males who could vote and own property. Metics in Athens and half citizens in Sparta were free and paid taxes but could not take part in government or own land. Athens’s slaves and Sparta’s helots had no political rights