You must include one accidental discovery i.e.: Perkin’s Dye or Teflon Organic Chemistry Assignment Make a concept map, timeline or alternative notebook which includes a brief history and the progression of organic chemistry. You must include one accidental discovery i.e.: Perkin’s Dye or Teflon

This helps us to determine structure and shape of some simple organic compounds. http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/OChem/DEMOS/Repcmpds.html

History http://www.angelfire.com/bc2/OrgChem/intro.html The name organic chemistry came from the word organism. Prior to 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from organisms or their remains. The scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of organic compounds could only be produced within living matter while inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living matter. A theory known as "Vitalism" stated that a "vital force" from living organisms was necessary to make an organic compound. 1828, a German chemist Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) amazed the science community by using the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate, NH4OCN to synthesize urea, H2NCONH2, an organic substance found in the urine of many animals. This led to the disappearance of the "Vitalism" theory.

This web page contains information that will Today, chemists consider organic compounds to be those containing carbon and one or more other elements, most often hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or the halogens, but sometimes others as well. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon and its compounds. This web page contains information that will help you identify important organic chemistry compounds, alkyl and aryl groups, as well as functional groups that exist in many organic chemistry compounds. http://www.miracosta.edu/home/dlr/ocnames.htm

We will learn how to name some organic compounds. Alkane, Alkene, Alkynes, Aromatics, Alcohols, Esters, Amines, and Ketones just to name a few!

The Uniqueness of Carbon There are more carbon compounds than there are compounds of all other elements combined. Plastics, foods, textiles, and many other common substances contain carbon. With oxygen and a metallic element, carbon forms many important carbonates, such as calcium carbonate (limestone) and sodium carbonate (soda). Certain active metals react with it to make industrially important carbides, such as silicon carbide, an abrasive known as carborundum, and tungsten carbide, an extremely hard substance used for rock drills and metalworking tools.

Polymers A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds. The word is derived from the Greek words πολυ (poly), meaning "many"; and μέρος (meros), meaning "part". Well known examples of polymers include plastics, DNA and proteins. While "polymer" in popular usage suggests "plastic", the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties and purposes.

A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part") is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer [1]. A single molecule that has the ability to combine with identical or similar molecules, a process also known as polymerization. Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules, or monomers, combine to form larger molecules, or polymers. http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit2/U02L01.htm

Natural polymers Synthetic polymers and Biopolymers Natural polymer materials such as shellac and amber have been in use for centuries. Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids play crucial roles in biological processes. A variety of other natural polymers exist, such as cellulose, which is the main constituent of wood and paper. Some common synthetic polymers are Bakelite, neoprene, nylon, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile and PVB (polyvinyl butyral)

Introduction to polymer science by William Reusch http://www. cem. msu Use the web site above to match which polymer makes the following products. Seat covers, films Lighting covers, signs, skylights Latex paints, adhesive Film wrap, plastic bags Pipes, siding, flooring Synthetic rubber oil resistant Toys, cabinets, packaging foam Similar to LDPE carpet, upholstery Requires vulcanization for practical use Non-stick surfaces, electrical insulation Electrical insulation bottles, toys Rugs, blankets, clothing

Polyethylene chain: H H H H H H H HH H H The great number of carbon compounds is possible because of the ability of carbon to form strong covalent bonds to each other while also holding the atoms of other nonmetals strongly. Carbon atoms have the special property to bond with each other to form chains, ring, spheres, and tubes. Chains of carbon atoms can be thousands of atoms long, as in polyethylene. Polyethylene chain: H H H H H H H HH H H | | | | | | | | | | | H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-etc. | | | | | | | | | | | H HH H H H H H H H H

Another model of polyethylene ------>

Teflon, a product advertised as making life easy, is also used in a different form to keep stains off carpets and clothing. DuPont calls these products the housewives' best friend. Teflon and the chemicals used in its production have grown into a $2 billion-a-year industry. This includes ammonium perfluorooctanoate, known as C-8, which has been linked to cancer, organ damage and other health effects in tests on laboratory animals.

In two to five minutes on a conventional stovetop, cookware coated with Teflon and other non-stick surfaces can exceed temperatures at which the coating breaks apart and emits toxic particles and gases linked to hundreds, perhaps thousands, of pet bird deaths and an unknown number of human illnesses each year, according to tests commissioned by Environmental Working Group (EWG).

Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. Proteins are probably the most important class of biochemical molecules, although of course lipids and carbohydrates are also essential for life. Proteins are the basis for the major structural components of animal and human tissue.

P R O T E I N

Biodegardable Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which may be broken down by other living organisms. Waste that cannot be broken down by other living organisms may be called non-biodegradable. Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste (sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste, food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Other biodegradable wastes include human waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste.

Nonbiodegradable Substance that cannot be broken down in the environment by natural processess. This is a list for "non biodegrdable materials" .... * Plastic Plastic is made from petrol, and petrol can not degrade in the nature very easily. * Nylon Nylon is made from plastic also. * Tin cans Tin cans are very bad for the nature.

Nylon Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides and first produced on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. Nylon is one of the most commonly used polymers.

Structural Isomers Isomers are classified as structural isomers, which have the same number of atoms of each element in them and the same atomic weight but differ in the arrangement of atoms in the molecule. For example, there ware two compounds with the molecular formula C2H6O. One is ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol), CH3CH2OH, a colorless liquid alcohol; the other is dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3, a colorless gaseous ether. Among their different properties, ethanol has a boiling point of 78.5°C and a freezing point of -117°C; dimethyl ether has a boiling point of -25°C and a freezing point of -138°C. Ethanol and dimethyl ether are isomers because they differ in the way the atoms are joined together in their molecules.