1. Chapter 10 Homework:10.13, 10.17, 10.18, 10.19, 10.24, 10.25,10.27, 10.29, 10.30, 10.32, 10.34, 10.35, 10.41

2. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry- the chemistry of compounds of carbon Organic compounds mainly have carbon and only a few other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Some may contain sulfur, halogens, or phosphorus as well

3. Early Days Early on, organic molecules where thought to only come from living organisms It was believed that a “vital force” was needed to create organic molecules A chemist could not synthesize an organic molecule from inorganic ones.

4. Friedrich Wöhler Friedrich Wohler disproved this by heating Ammonium Chloride and Silver Cyanate, both inorganic compounds, and got urea, an organic compound found in urine Today, approx. 85% of all known compounds are Organic!!!

5. Sources of Organic Compounds 1)Isolation from Nature -Living organisms are chemical “factories” - Each plant, animal, microorganism, etc, makes thousands of organic compounds by a process called biosynthesis - These compounds can be extracted and isolated from these biological sources

6. Sources of Organic Compounds 2)Synthesis in the laboratory -organic chemist strive to develop more ways to make the same compounds found in nature -Compounds made in a lab are identical to those found in nature, assuming they are pure

7. Chemists not only synthesize compounds found in nature, but also create molecules not found in nature. The majority of the more than 10 million known organic molecules are purely synthetic and do not exist in living organisms.

8. Structure of Organic Molecules A structural Formula shows all atoms present in a molecule as well as the bonds that connect the atoms to each other. Ex. C 2 H 5 OH

9. Table 10.2 shows several covalent compounds containing carbon bonded to H, O, N, and Cl You are responsible for knowing the name, structural Formulas, and bond angles for these molecules!!

10. Typical Bonding From this table, we can see the following: –Carbon normally forms 4 covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons –Nitrogen normally forms 3 covalent bonds and has 1 unshared pair of electrons –Oxygen normally forms 2 covalent bonds and has 2 unshared pairs of electrons –Hydrogen normally forms 1 covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons –Halogens normally forms 1 covalent bond and have 3 unshared pairs of electrons

11. Example 10.1 This would be a good test question:

12. Functional Groups Functional Group- an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties. While organic compounds can undergo a wide variety of chemical reactions, only certain portions of their structures are changed in any particular reaction. The part that undergoes chemical reactions are functional groups.

13. The same functional group will undergo the same type of reaction regardless of the molecule it occurs in!!!! Therefore, we don’t have to study individual compounds, we can identify only a few characteristic functional groups and then study the chemical reactions that each undergoes!! Functional groups also serve as the basis for naming organic compounds

14. Functional Group Summary They are sites of chemical reactions Determine in large measure the physical properties of a compound Are the units by which we divide organic compounds into families Serve as the basis for naming organic molecules.

15. Five Common Function Groups Functional FamilyGroupExampleName

16. Alcohols The functional group of an alcohol is an -OH group, the hydroxyl group, bonded to a tetrahedral carbon.

17. Alcohols are classified as 1 o (primary), 2 o (secondary), and 3 o (tertiary) depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group. Examples:

18. Amines The functional group of an amine is an amino group. Amino group- a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms. Example:

19. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary Based on the number of carbons bonded to the nitrogen!! This is different than alcohols!!! Examples:

20. Aldehydes and Ketones Both contain an oxygen double bonded to a carbon, this is called a carbonyl group. In Aldehydes, the carbonyl is bonded to at least one hydrogen In Ketones, the carbonyl is bonded to two carbon groups.

21. Carboxylic Acids The functional group for Carboxylic Acids is -COOH, the carboxyl group