1. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry

2. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry
Section 1 – Properties of Carbon
Standards
6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

3. Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

4. Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond, graphite, fullerenes and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon
Diamond – crystalline form of carbon in which each carbon atom is bonded strongly to four other carbon atoms
Formed from high temps and pressure
Melting point is more than 3500 C

5. Forms of Pure Carbon
Graphite – each carbon atom is bonded tightly to three other carbon atoms in flat layers
Bonds are very weak
“Lead” in pencils is mostly graphite

6. Forms of Pure Carbon
Fullerenes – consists of carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere
Called buckyballs after an architect
Nanotube – carbon atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder
Tiny, light, flexible and extremely strong

7. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry
Section 2 – Carbon Compounds
Standards
3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers
6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

8. Organic Compounds Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility
Many are gases at room temperature
Many have a strong odor
Many do not dissolve in water

9. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon – compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water
All hydrocarbons are flammable

10. Structure of Hydrocarbons
The carbon chains in the hydrocarbon may be straight, branched or ring-shaped
Structural formula – shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Isomer – compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
C4H10
C4H10

11. Structure of Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonds, has maximum number a hydrogen atoms attached
Unsaturated hydrocarbons – has double or triple bonds, have fewer hydrogen than saturated hydrocarbons

12. Structure of Hydrocarbons
Substituted hydrocarbon – atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups
hydroxyl group –OH
Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups
carboxyl group –COOH
Ester – compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid

13. Polymers
Polymer – large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules bonded together
Monomer – smaller molecules that make up polymers

14. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry
Section 3 – Polymers and Composites
Standards
3.c – Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers
6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms

15. Forming Polymers
Polymers form when chemical bonds link larger numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern

16. Polymers and Composites
Proteins – formed from smaller molecules called amino acids
Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins
The properties of a protein depend on which amino acids are used and in what order
Examples – finger nails, spider web

17. Polymers and Composites
Composites – combines two or more substances in a new material with different properties
Many composite materials include one or more polymers
Examples – fishing rods, snow boards

18. Recycling Plastics
Plastics do not react easily with other materials, so they do not break down quickly
You can help reduce the amount of plastic waste by recycling

19. Chapter 8 – Carbon Chemistry
Section 4 – Life with Carbon
Standards
6.a – Students know that carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms
6.b – Students know that living organisms are made of molecules

20. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate – an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Simple carbohydrate – the simplest carbs are sugars (glucose is in your body – C6H12O6)
Complex carbohydrate – a polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another

21. Proteins Proteins – formed from smaller molecules called amino acids
Amino acid – a monomer that is a building block of proteins
Each amino acid molecule has a carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino group (–NH2)
The body uses proteins from food to build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities

22. Lipids
Lipids – energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol
Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your body as do carbohydrates
Fatty acids – organic compound that is a monomer of a fat or oil
Cholesterol – a waxy lipid in animal cells

23. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids – very large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
Two types – DNA and RNA
Elements that make up all living things…
C – Carbon
H – Hydrogen
N – Nitrogen
O – Oxygen
P – Phosphorus
S – Sulfur