16th annual UCLA Lake Arrowhead Symposium on the Transportation- Land Use-Environment Connection. Axel Friedrich Umweltbundesamt (UBA) Germany WHAT IN THE WORLD? TRANSPORTATION ENERGY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION PLANNING OUTSIDE OF THE U.S. Europe

GHG emissions from transport in the EEA-31 (all EEA members except Cyprus)between 1990 and 2002

Rise in Energy Consumption in Road Transport in old 15 EU Member States between 1995 and 2003

Modal Split Development in Berlin (Internal Traffic) Bicycle

Development Passenger Transport S-Bahn Berlin M.ML 1 BB (NO)

Voluntary Agreement with ACEA, Jama and Kama It exists an vountary agreement of the EU- commission and the EU council with ACEA to reach 140 gt/km in 2008 as a sales average of all sold vehicles in the EU. For JAMA and KAMA the goal is 140 g/ km in In 2012 the goal is 120/km if technical feasible

Reducing CO 2 emissions (1) Assessment of the Directive’s effectiveness Source: ADAC

CO 2 emissions of newly registered Vehicle in the EU

Net-costs and cost efficiency (benefit cost ratio) to society (excluding taxes, including fuel savings) for reaching 140g/km between 2002 and 2008 (ACEA, JAMA, KAMA) Source:Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (calculations based on IEEP, 2005) 2006

Source: Lang,FEV Motorentechnik 2004 Assessment of Fuel consumption, Potential and Cost of Hybrid Concepts

Demonstration Car Overview on the Fuel Saving Measures gearbox with long transmission narrower low rolling resistance tires smoth covers smoth under flow lower body engine stop at idling gearshift indicator Latent- heat storage Light weight seats

consumptionCO 2 reduction [l/100km][g/km][l/100km][%] Golf 1.4l TSI c w =0.28, f r =0.9%, m=1250kg 2.0l-TDI-gear box, start-stop c w =0.28, f r =0.9%, m=1250kg 2.0l-TDI-gear box, GSI start-stop, c w =0.28, f r =0.9%, m=1250kg 2.0l-TDI-gear box, GSI Start-Stop warm combined measures NEDC Basic car Reduction Potential in the Simulation combined Measures in the NEDC

Taxes

Correlation between Fuel Prices and Transport Fuel Intensity Source: Lee Schipper Weighted Average Fuel Prices ('90 PPP US$) Carbon Emissions from Passenger Transport (g/$) Denmark Sweden w. Germany Italy France U.K. Japan U.S. Canada Australia Netherlands European Countries Australia U.S. Canada Japan

Average Fuel Prices in 2003 vs. Transport Energy Intensity of old EU15 Member States (in grams of road transport fuel per € of GDP) road fuel price in 2003 (€/litre)) road fuel use (g/€) Source: Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism data, T&E analysis

Differentiation of Annual Circulation Tax for Private Cars in the United Kingdom

2002/ /082008/09 Tax % of Car Price CO2 related Company Car Tax in UK The maximum charge will be on 35 percent of the car list price. Diesel cars will be subject to a 3% surcharge and this charge will also be limited to 35 percent

New Car Average CO 2 Emissions in UK Source: Driver Vehicle Licensing Agency, UK

CO2 Abatement Cost per ton, diesel vehicle, European Driving Assumptions

HDV

Possible CO2 Reduction HDV BASE: EURO 3 / 2003 Combustion+SCR: - 3 bis - 4% 2-step Turbo- Charging: - 2% Variable Valve Control: - 1 bis - 4% Friction Reduction: - 3 bis –4% Side components: - 2% Starter/Generator: - 1% Sum: Diesel Propulsion Potential: - 12% η > 44 %

Mode Shift

Energy efficiency per transport unit and mode with passenger transport Energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions of public transport compared to car transport 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 MegaJoule/pkmCO2/pkm car bus, light rail rail Scope: Germany 2005Source: TREMOD

Energy efficiency per transport unit and mode with Freight Transport Energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions of road freight compared to rail and inland waterways 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 MegaJoule/tkm CO2/tkm road rail inland shipping Source: TREMOD Scope: Germany 2005

Modal Split Development in Berlin (Internal Traffic) Bicycle

Development Passenger Transport S-Bahn Berlin M.ML 1 BB (NO)

Implementation of the EU Bio Fuels Directive As in electricity generation, a framework is set by Community legislation: the bio fuels directive[1], which sets as reference values a 2% market share for bio fuels in 2005 and 5.75% share in 2010.[1] The 2005 reference value was not be achieved. There is substantial variation in Member States’ efforts; if all Member States achieve the targets they have set, biofuels will attain a share of only 1.4%. [1] [1] Directive 2003/30/EC of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport, O.J. L123, 17/05/2003 Source: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION 2005 Biomass action plan

Bio Fuels

Implementation of the EU Biofuels Directive In accordance with the biofuels directive, the Commission will bring forward a report in 2006 on the directive’s implementation, with a view to a possible revision. It will address the issues of: · national targets for the market share of biofuels; · using biofuels obligations; requiring that, through a system of certificates, only biofuels whose cultivation complies with minimum sustainability standards will count towards the targets. Source: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION 2005 Biomass action plan

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