Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use

Men typically drink more regularly and drink more than women. Alcohol: An Overview Very low levels of alcohol, particularly red wine, may lower some health risks in older adults. Half of all Americans consume alcoholic beverages regularly; about 25% abstain. Men typically drink more regularly and drink more than women. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcohol and College Students Approximately 59.8% of students report having consumed an alcoholic beverage in the past 30 days. Of college students, 44% engage in binge drinking. Binge drinking for men is consuming 5 or more drinks in about 2 hours; for women, consuming 4 or more. Alcohol use among college students disrupts sleep, decreases alertness, and may affect academic performance. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

College Students' Patterns of Alcohol Use in the Past 30 Days © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

High-Risk Drinking and College Students Alcohol consumption is the number one cause of preventable death among undergraduate students. Alcohol exacerbates risk for suicide, automobile crashes, and falls. Customs and traditions encourage dangerous practices and patterns of alcohol use. Advertising and promotions target college students. College students are more likely to drink recklessly. Students are vulnerable to peer influence. Administrators often deny a problem exists. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABC News Video: Spring Break Nightmare Discussion Questions Why do you think female college students in particular drink more during Spring Break than at other times of the year? What are some smart choices to make to protect yourself during Spring Break? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prevalence of Negative Consequences of Drinking Among College Students, Past Year © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Chemistry and Potency of Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol The intoxicating substance in all alcoholic beverages Fermentation Process Yeast organisms break down sugar. Distillation Alcohol vapors are released from the mash at high temperatures. Proof Measure of the percent alcohol 80 proof whiskey = 40% alcohol © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

What Is a Standard Drink? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Absorption and Metabolism About 20% of absorption occurs in the stomach. About 80% of absorption occurs in the small intestine. Factors that influence absorption Concentration of the drink Amount consumed Food in the stomach Mood Pylorospasm (spasm of valve) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume The legal limit for BAC is 0.08% in all states. Both breath analysis (breathalyzer tests) and urinalysis are used to determine whether an individual is legally intoxicated, but blood tests are more accurate. Learned behavioral tolerance—though BAC may be quite high, the individual has learned to modify his behavior to appear sober. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Psychological and Physical Effects Of Alcohol © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABC News Video: Teen Drinking Test Discussion Questions Do you agree that the new ETG urine test is an effective way to stop teen drinking? Do you think mass testing of teens for alcohol use infringes on their personal rights to privacy? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acute alcohol intoxication can be fatal. Alcohol Poisoning Acute alcohol intoxication can be fatal. The amount of alcohol that causes unconsciousness is dangerously close to a fatal dose. BAC continues to rise even after a drinker is unconscious. Signs include inability to be roused, weak, rapid pulse, cool, pale, or bluish skin. Call 9-1-1 immediately. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Effects of Alcohol on the Body and Health © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABC News Video: Alcohol and Cancer Discussion Questions In what ways can even moderate drinking significantly raise a woman's risk of cancer? What role does a person's family history play in risks associated with drinking? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcohol and Pregnancy Teratogenic substances cause birth defects; alcohol is one of the most dangerous and common. Twelve percent of children have been exposed to alcohol in utero; 2% of pregnant women report binge drinking. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Mental retardation, impaired learning, poor memory, small head, tremors, impulsive behaviors, reduced attention span, and abnormalities of face, limbs, heart, and brain FAS is the third most common birth defect in the United States. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Drinking and Driving Thirty-two percent of all traffic fatalities in 2008 were alcohol related. Many college students drink and drive. In 2009, there were 10,839 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities in the United States. This represents one alcohol-related fatality every 45 minutes. The likelihood of a driver being involved in a fatal crash rises significantly with a BAC of 0.05% and even more rapidly after 0.08%. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Percentage of Fatally Injured Drivers with BACs Greater Than 0 Percentage of Fatally Injured Drivers with BACs Greater Than 0.08%, by Driver Age, 1982-2009 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol use becomes alcohol abuse when it interferes with work, school, or social and family relationships or when it entails law violations, including DUI. Alcoholism or alcohol dependence occurs when alcohol use is so severe that stopping alcohol results in withdrawal symptoms. Identifying an Alcoholic Craving, loss of control, tolerance, psychological dependence, and withdrawal symptoms must be present to qualify a drinker as an addict. About 15% of people in the United States are problem drinkers. One study shows that 19% of college students meet the criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

ABC News Video: Hidden Addictions Discussion Questions After watching the video, how would you define a hidden addiction? What are some common warning signs that are characteristic of someone who is hiding an addiction? If you suspect someone you know has a secret addiction, why is it important to speak up and tell someone else? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Causes of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Biological and Family Factors Higher rates of alcoholism occur among children of alcoholics. Scientists have not identified an alcoholism gene. Social and Cultural Factors Family attitudes People raised in cultures in which alcohol is part of religious or ceremonial activities are less prone to dependence than people raised where purchase is controlled and alcohol use is regarded as a rite of passage. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Women and Alcoholism Women become alcoholic at later ages and after fewer years of heavy drink than do male drinkers. Women get addicted faster. Women have greater risks for cirrhosis, excessive memory loss and shrinkage of the brain, heart disease, and cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon. Risk factors include being unmarried or living with a partner; being in 20s or 30s, with a husband or partner who drinks heavily; family history; pressure to drink; depression and stress. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcohol and Prescription Drug Abuse Young adults aged 18 to 24 are at most risk for concurrent or simultaneous abuse of both alcohol and drugs. Alcohol and prescription drugs taken together can cause Alcohol poisoning Unconsciousness Respiratory depression Death Opioids, stimulants, sedatives, and sleeping aids are most often combined with alcohol. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Costs to Society Alcohol-related societal costs are estimated to be over $185 billion when health insurance, criminal justice costs, treatment costs, and lost productivity are factored in. Alcoholism is directly or indirectly responsible for over 25% of the nation's medical expenses and lost earnings. Underage drinking costs $61.9 billion annually. Costs include violence, drunk driving, high-risk sex, property crime, and addiction treatment. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Treatment Programs for Alcoholism Alcoholics who decide to quit will experience detoxification and may experience the following withdrawal symptoms: Hyperexcitability Confusion Agitation Sleep disorders Convulsions Hand tremors Depression Headache Seizure Possible delirium tremors (DTs) Treatment options include Private facilities Therapy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Relapse Success rates vary but over half of alcoholics relapse within the first 3 months of treatment. Treatment requires more than drinking cessation. There must be a guard against relapse. Identifying situations that could result in relapse, such as becoming angry, frustrated, being around drinkers, being pressured to drink, must be identified. Joining a support group helps. Effective recovery programs help addicts create self-esteem and resume personal growth. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.