Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Module 25: Human Needs and Motivation Karl Weatherly/Getty Images

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Maslow’s Hierarchy Physiological Needs Safety Needs Love and Belongingness Esteem Self Actualization

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Maslow’s Hierarchy Self-actualization –State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way Jules Frazier/Getty Images

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Obesity –Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a given height PhotoDisc/Getty Images

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger Hypothalamus Weight set point –The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain Metabolism –The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body as destined through heredity

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Social Factors in Eating External social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior Associations of food with comfort and consolation via classical and operant conditioning Escape from unpleasant thoughts Settling point determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and the nature of the environment in which we live

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa –A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual Bulimia –A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, and then purges Jack Star/PhotoLink/Getty Images

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success Need for achievement –A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence Measuring achievement motivation –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Needs Need for affiliation –An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people Need for power –Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual Doug Menuez/Getty Images PhotoLink/Getty Images

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Understanding Human Sexual Response: Basic Biology Androgens –Male sex hormones secreted by the testes Estrogen –Female sex hormone Progesterone –Female sex hormone Ovulation –Greatest output of female sex hormone when egg is released from the ovaries

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement Erogenous zones –Areas of the body that have an unusually rich array of nerve receptors that are particularly sensitive not just to sexual touch, but to any kind of touch Erotica –External stimuli which, through a process of learning, have become sexually stimulating

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Surveying Sexual Behavior Masturbation –Sexual self-stimulation Heterosexuality –Sexual attraction and behavior directed towards the opposite sex Premarital sex –Double standard –Permissiveness with affection

MODULE 25 Copyright © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Surveying Sexual Behavior Marital sex –Extramarital sex Homosexuals –Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex Bisexuals –Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same and opposite sex