1. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work

2. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work The Social Animal: Motives for Love The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex The Hungry Animal: Motives for Food The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve When Motives Conflict

3. ©2002 Prentice Hall Motivation An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

4. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Social Animal: Motives for Love The Varieties of Love Gender, Culture, and Love

5. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Six Styles of Love Eros – Romantic, passionate love Ludus – Game-playing love Storge – Affectionate, friendly love Pragma – Logical, pragmatic love Mania – Possessive, dependent, “crazy” love Agape – Unselfish love

6. ©2002 Prentice Hall Triangle Theory of Love Varieties of love occur because of differing combinations of three elements Examples: Liking: Intimacy alone Companionate love: Intimacy + Commitment Romantic love: Intimacy + Passion Commitment Passion Intimacy

7. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex The Biology of Desire The Psychology of Desire The Culture of Desire The Riddle of Sexual Orientation

8. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Biology of Desire Hormones and Sexual Response Arousal and Orgasm The Evolutionary View

9. ©2002 Prentice Hall Attitudes Toward Chastity

10. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Psychology of Desire Many Motives for Sex Enhancement Intimacy Coping Self-Affirmation Partner Approval Peer Approval

11. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Culture of Desire Sexual Scripts: Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s age, culture, and gender.

12. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Riddle of Sexual Orientation Psychological Versus Biological Explanations Homosexuality and Politics

13. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Hungry Animal: Motives for Food The Genetics of Weight Culture, Psychology, and Weight Weight and Health: Biology Versus Culture

14. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Genetics of Weight Heaviness is not always caused by overeating. Set Point: The genetically influenced weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

15. ©2002 Prentice Hall Culture, Psychology, and Weight Diet and Exercise Cultural Attitudes

16. ©2002 Prentice Hall Weight and Health: Biology Versus Culture Bulimia: An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging). Anorexia Nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

17. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve Goals and Aspirations The Effects of Motivation on Work The Effects of Work on Motivation

18. ©2002 Prentice Hall Goals and Aspirations Goals improve motivation when: The goal is specific The goal is challenging but achievable The goal is framed in terms of getting what is wanted rather than avoiding what is not wanted

19. ©2002 Prentice Hall Types of Goals Performance Goals: Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism. Mastery (Learning) Goals: Goals framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills.

20. ©2002 Prentice Hall Mastery and Motivation Children praised for being smart tend to lose the pleasure of learning and focus on how well they are doing.

21. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Effects of Motivation on Work Self-Efficacy: A person’s belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals. Need for Achievement: A learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area.

22. ©2002 Prentice Hall Effects of Work on Motivation Working conditions that increase job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction: Work provides a sense of meaningfulness Employees have control over part of work Tasks are varied Company maintains clear and consistent rules Employees have supportive relationships with superiors and co-workers Employees receive useful feedback Company offers opportunities for growth

23. ©2002 Prentice Hall When Motives Conflict

24. ©2002 Prentice Hall Motivational Conflicts Approach-Approach Conflict: Equally attracted to two activities or goals. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: Choosing between the “lesser of the evils.” Approach-Avoidance Conflict: One activity or goal has both positive and negative elements. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: Several choices, each with advantages and disadvantages.

25. ©2002 Prentice Hall Maslow's Pyramid of Needs Needs arranged in a hierarchy Low-level needs must be meet before trying to satisfy higher-level needs Esteem: Status, respect, power Self-actualization: Fulfill one’s potential