Chapter 2 Foundations of Government American Civics 4/21/2017 Chapter 2 Foundations of Government Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Section 2: The First Government Section 3: A New Constitution Chapter 2

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments The Main Idea Government plays an essential role in every country. A country’s government affects the lives of its people. Often, it affects people around the world. Reading Focus What are two main types of government? What are the purposes of government? How does the U.S. government guarantee freedom to its citizens?

A. Two types of governments Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments A. Two types of governments 1. Non-democratic a. Monarchies i. Monarchies today b. Dictators i. Force ii. Oligarchy iii. Totalitarian

A. Two types of governments Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments A. Two types of governments 1. Non-democratic c. Theocracy i. Rule

A. Two types of governments Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments A. Two types of governments 2. Democratic a. Democracy i. Direct democracy ii. Representative democracy iii. Republic

B. Purpose of Government 1. Helping people 2. Provide services 3. Provide laws

C. Guaranteeing Freedom 1. Structure 2. Beliefs 3. Guarantees 4. Rights

Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments Types of Governments Characteristics of Governments Democracy People rule directly or indirectly Direct Representative All voters make decisions together. People elect representatives. Monarchy Ruled by a king or queen Absolute Monarchs have total control. A person or small group has absolute power and does not answer to the people. Dictatorship

Section 2: The First U.S. Government The Main Idea The American ideals that people should rule themselves and that government should protect human rights are clearly set forth in the Declaration of Independence. Reading Focus Why is the Declaration of Independence so important? What were the Articles of Confederation, and what were their weaknesses? What was the effect of a weak national government on the United States?

A. Events Towards Independence Section 2: The First U.S. Government A. Events Towards Independence 1. No Representation 2. 1765 Stamp Act a. “No taxation without representation” b. Repealed 3. 1774 Continental Congress

A. Events Towards Independence Section 2: The First U.S. Government A. Events Towards Independence 4. King George III sends troops a. Patrick Henry’s response 5. April 1775—Lexington and Concord

B. 1776—Declaration of Independence Section 2: The First U.S. Government B. 1776—Declaration of Independence 1. Representatives from 13 colonies meet 2. Committee members 3. Approved

B. 1776—Declaration of Independence Section 2: The First U.S. Government B. 1776—Declaration of Independence 4. Declaration and human rights a. Statement of grievances b. Consent of the governed c. Human rights d. “We hold these truths…” 5. Ideals of American government a. Equal rights

C. Articles of the Confederation: Section 2: The First U.S. Government C. Articles of the Confederation: 1. Adopted in 1777 2. Approved in 1781 3. Association of separate groups a. “Firm league of friendship” b. Equal but separate 4. Limited national government 5. Congress—Legislative a. Elected by state legislatures b. Each state given one vote 6. Preserved state sovereignty

D. The Need for a Change Section 2: The First U.S. Government 1. Weak central government 2. States coin own money 3. Disputes with boundaries 4. Trade 5. Tax and debt 6. Decision making

D. The Need for a Change Section 2: The First U.S. Government 7. Army 8. Executive branch 9. Laws 10. States’ vote 11. Weak internationally 12. Need to strengthen national government a. Shay’s Rebellion

Section 2: The First U.S. Government difficult to change Articles because unanimous vote was needed no execu-tive branch to enforce laws difficult to pass laws because 9 out of 13 states’ approval was needed WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION no means to regulate trade with foreign countries no judicial branch to interpret laws lacked power to collect taxes

Section 3: A New Constitution The Main Idea The framers of the U.S. Constitution drew upon a history of democratic ideals while developing a document that would establish a new, stronger federal government. Reading Focus What historical principles of government influenced the delegates to the Constitutional Convention? How did the U.S. government become stronger under the Constitution? How did the viewpoints of Federalists and Antifederalists differ, and how were these differences resolved?

A. Constitutional Convention Section 3: A New Constitution A. Constitutional Convention 1. Need for a stronger central government 2. May 1787 in Philadelphia

B. Convention and History Section 3: A New Constitution B. Convention and History 1. World’s oldest document 2. Influenced by historical democratic documents

C. British Historical Documents Section 3: A New Constitution C. British Historical Documents 1. Magna Carta 2. English Bill of Rights 3. British Parliament

D. Other Influences Section 3: A New Constitution 1. Mayflower Compact 2. Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau 3. Virginia statutes

Section 3: A New Constitution E. Need for Secrecy 1. James Madison

F. Writing the Constitution Section 3: A New Constitution F. Writing the Constitution 1. Compromise—issues 2. Federalism a. Federalists b. Anti-Federalists

F. Writing the Constitution Section 3: A New Constitution F. Writing the Constitution 3. Representation a. Virginia Plan b. New Jersey Plan c. Connecticut Compromise (aka Great Compromise) 4. Individual Rights a. Bill of Rights

G. Constitution is Completed Section 3: A New Constitution G. Constitution is Completed 1. September 1787 2. Ben Franklin

A STRONGER U.S. GOVERNMENT Section 3: A New Constitution A STRONGER U.S. GOVERNMENT Powers of the National Government Powers Dealing with Laws Provide a president to carry out the country’s laws Establish the Supreme Court and other national courts to interpret laws Print money Raise armed forces Regulate trade Set taxes

Chapter 2 Wrap-Up 1. What are two of the major factors that shape a country’s government? 2. How are a democracy and other types of governments different? 3. What were the key purposes of the Declaration of Independence? 4. What were some of the problems the country faced after independence was declared? 5. In what ways did the colonists’ English political heritage influence American ideas about government and individual rights? 6. What was the outcome of the Constitutional Convention? 7. What were the arguments of the Federalists and Antifederalists?