1. Chapter 2 Foundations of Government
American Civics
9/11/2018
Chapter 2 Foundations of Government
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Section 2: The First Government
Section 3: A New Constitution
Quiz
Government
the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states; direction of the affairs of a state, community, etc.; political administration:
the form or system of rule by which a state, community, etc., is governed
the governing body of persons in a state, community, etc.; administration.
a branch or service of the supreme authority of a state or nation, taken as representing the whole: a dam built by the government.
Review
& Test
Chapter 2

2. Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
The Main Idea
Government plays an essential role in every country. A country’s government affects the lives of its people. Often, it affects people around the world.
Reading Focus
What are two main types of government?
What are the purposes of government?
How does the U.S. government guarantee freedom to its citizens?
Chapter 2

3. Types of Governments: Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Every country in the world has a government.
The people’s beliefs and the country’s history shape that government.
governments vary widely
Non-democratic
democratic

4. Types of Governments cont.:
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Types of Governments cont.:
Nondemocratic Governments
where citizens do not have the power to rule
Monarchies
a king or queen, who reigns over a kingdom or an empire.
Limited  Absolute
Monarch
Most countries that have monarchs greatly limit their power
Chapter 2

5. Types of Governments cont.:
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Types of Governments cont.:
Dictatorships
a person rules with complete and absolute power.
Often take power by force
Oligarchy- a type of dictatorship in which all power is concentrated in a small group of people.
Authoritarian- the rulers answer only to themselves
Some are Totalitarian- the rulers try to control every aspect of citizens’ lives, including their religious, cultural, political, and personal activities
All

6. Types of Governments cont.:
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Types of Governments cont.:
Theocracy
government controlled by one or more religious leaders who claim to rule on behalf of God or the gods worshipped in their country
the rulers respond to divine guidance and not to the wishes of the people

7. Types of Governments cont.:
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Types of Governments cont.:
Democratic Governments
Democracy- the people of a nation either rule directly or they elect officials who act on their behalf
direct democracy- all voters in a community meet in one place to make laws and decide what actions to take. (small communities)
representative democracy- the people elect representatives to carry on the work of government for them
Republic
U.S. is a Republic
Greek word
officials

8. b a a d a

9. Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Types of Governments
Characteristics of Governments
Democracy
People rule directly or indirectly
Direct
Representative
All voters make decisions together.
People elect representatives.
Monarchy
Ruled by a king or queen
Absolute
Monarchs have total control.
A person or small group has absolute power and does not answer to the people.
Dictatorship

10. Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
The Main Idea
Government plays an essential role in every country. A country’s government affects the lives of its people. Often, it affects people around the world.
Reading Focus
What are two main types of government?
What are the purposes of government?
How does the U.S. government guarantee freedom to its citizens?

11. Purposes of Government
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Purposes of Government
Provides a means for cooperation and unity among people
Enables groups of people to achieve large goals
Provides protection, security, transportation, monetary assistance, education, and health related services
Provides laws and a Constitution
It is generally agreed that the most important single function of government is to secure the rights and freedoms of individual citizens
Governments provide expensive or important services to large groups of people who might otherwise have to do without the service.
by establishing schools, the government makes it possible for all children to receive a good education
Protects people from attacks by foreign countries.
Other governments provide police to protect lives and property and fire departments to protect homes and businesses.
we can travel highways that stretch from border to border.
We have a system of money that makes it easy for us to buy and sell things and to know the price of these things. Trash is collected, and health laws are enforced
A constitution sets forth the purposes of the government and describes how the government is to be organized
to guarantee the freedoms of its citizens.
"Life, liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place."
For liberty is to be free from restraint and violence from others, which cannot be where there is no law;
public
A written plan of government
Rules of Conduct
Chapter 2

12. establish schools
provide trash collection
protect from foreign attack
enforce health laws
provide police protection
provide libraries
provide fire protection
enforce health laws
build transportation systems
provide a money system

13. Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
The Main Idea
Government plays an essential role in every country. A country’s government affects the lives of its people. Often, it affects people around the world.
Reading Focus
What are two main types of government?
What are the purposes of government?
How does the U.S. government guarantee freedom to its citizens?

14. Guaranteeing Freedom Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 1: Why Americans Have Governments
Guaranteeing Freedom
The government of the U.S. has a fourth purpose —to guarantee the freedoms of its citizens
The U.S. was founded on the belief that the people should rule themselves
no one should be denied his or her rights
“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
these rights can be restricted to keep people from using these freedoms to violate the rights of others.
A constitution sets forth the purposes of the government and describes how the government is to be organized
to guarantee the freedoms of its citizens.
"Life, liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place."
For liberty is to be free from restraint and violence from others, which cannot be where there is no law;
ie- citizens have the right to have their reputations protected from lies, you can’t cut down your neighbor’s tree
Chapter 2

15. American Civics
9/11/2018 c c
Chapter 2

16. Section 2: The First U.S. Government
The Main Idea
The American ideals that people should rule themselves and that government should protect human rights are clearly set forth in the Declaration of Independence.
Reading Focus
Why is the Declaration of Independence so important?
What were the Articles of Confederation, and what were their weaknesses?
What was the effect of a weak national government on the United States?

17. The Declaration of Independence
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 2: The First U.S. Government
The Declaration of Independence
Written in Philadelphia by Jefferson during the Continental Congress
Upholds the philosophy on which the United States is based
Is a statement of the American ideals
Declares that the purpose of government is to protect human rights
Stresses equality among individuals
“life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness”
After winning their independence, each of the 13 states acted independently, making its own laws. The national government was weak.
The colonists believed that the power of government comes from the consent of the governed—the people of the country. If any government ignores the will of those people, the people have a legitimate right to change the government
it is also a statement of American ideals
that the purpose of government is to protect human rights, which are the basic rights to which all people are entitled.
Over the years this language from the Declaration of Independence has come to mean that all Americans are equal under the law.
Although it was written more than 225 years ago, it remains a lasting symbol of American freedom
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is at once the nation's most cherished symbol of liberty and Jefferson's most enduring monument. Here, in exalted and unforgettable phrases, Jefferson expressed the convictions in the minds and hearts of the American people. The political philosophy of the Declaration was not new; its ideals of individual liberty had already been expressed by John Locke and the Continental philosophers. What Jefferson did was to summarize this philosophy in "self-evident truths" and set forth a list of grievances against the King in order to justify before the world the breaking of ties between the colonies and the mother country.
The Declaration of Independence is the usual name of a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.
The term "Declaration of Independence" is not used in the document itself.
Basic rights to which all people are entitled
Chapter 2

18. Continental Congress
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
human rights

19. Section 2: The First U.S. Government
The Main Idea
The American ideals that people should rule themselves and that government should protect human rights are clearly set forth in the Declaration of Independence.
Reading Focus
Why is the Declaration of Independence so important?
What were the Articles of Confederation, and what were their weaknesses?
What was the effect of a weak national government on the United States?

20. The Articles of the Confederation:
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 2: The First U.S. Government
The Articles of the Confederation:
1781
Writers wanted to preserve state
First government of the U.S.
A confederation is a loose association, rather than a firm union, of states.
Each state was to have equal powers and in most ways was to be independent of the other states.
The national government had very limited powers
National government consisted of a lawmaking body called Congress
Sovereignty- government’s absolute power/authority
Consisted of 1 house
Each state had 1 vote
Chapter 2

21. The Articles of the Confederation:
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 2: The First U.S. Government
The Articles of the Confederation:
Had no power to operate effectively or settle disputes
The country lacked a national identity.
The states quarreled over boundary lines and trade.
The country looked weak to other nations.
The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was a document signed amongst the 13 original colonies that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.
The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781.
Even when not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations.
The Articles were created by delegates from the states in the Second Continental Congress out of a need to have "a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom, sovereignty, and independence of the United States." After the war, nationalists, especially those who had been active in the Continental Army, complained that the Articles were too weak for an effective government. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.
even though the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution were established by many of the same people,[dubious – discuss] the two documents are very different.
Chapter 2

22. Articles of Confederation
sovereignty

23. Section 2: The First U.S. Government
American Civics
9/11/2018
Section 2: The First U.S. Government
The Main Idea
The American ideals that people should rule themselves and that government should protect human rights are clearly set forth in the Declaration of Independence.
Reading Focus
Why is the Declaration of Independence so important?
What were the Articles of Confederation, and what were their weaknesses?
What was the effect of a weak national government on the United States?
The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was a document signed amongst the 13 original colonies that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.
The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781.
Even when not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with Europe and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations.
The Articles were created by delegates from the states in the Second Continental Congress out of a need to have "a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom, sovereignty, and independence of the United States." After the war, nationalists, especially those who had been active in the Continental Army, complained that the Articles were too weak for an effective government. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.
even though the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution were established by many of the same people,[dubious – discuss] the two documents are very different.
Chapter 2

24. Weaknesses of the Articles:
Section 2: The First U.S. Government
Weaknesses of the Articles:
Laws required the votes of 9 of the 13 states
Congress had difficulty passing important measures.
There was no executive branch to ensure that new laws would be carried out.
There were no national courts to interpret the laws and uphold them.
A unanimous vote was required to make changes to the Articles of the Confederation.
There was no money to pay for expenses or services.
Each state regulated its own trade and had its own currency.
Conflicts between the states and Congress developed.
Couldn’t even pay soldiers who fought in the Rev. War
Lack of a judicial system

25. Section 2: The First U.S. Government
difficult to change Articles because unanimous vote was needed
no execu-tive branch to enforce laws
difficult to pass laws because 9 out of 13 states’ approval was needed
WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
no means to regulate trade with foreign countries
no judicial branch to interpret laws
lacked power to collect taxes

26. pass laws with a majority of votes
interpret laws and judge lawbreakers (judicial branch))
impose taxes
regulate trade.
settle disputes between states
carry out the laws (executive branch)

27. Section 3: A New Constitution
The Main Idea
The framers of the U.S. Constitution drew upon a history of democratic ideals while developing a document that would establish a new, stronger federal government.
Reading Focus
What historical principles of government influenced the delegates to the Constitutional Convention?
How did the U.S. government become stronger under the Constitution?
How did the viewpoints of Federalists and Antifederalists differ, and how were these differences resolved?

28. The Constitutional Convention & History:
Section 3: A New Constitution
The Constitutional Convention & History:
By 1787 people in the new United States realized that the Articles of Confederation needed to be fixed
the Constitution was written at the Constitutional Convention, Philadelphia
Establishing the U.S. government

29. British Principles Influence the Delegates:
Section 3: A New Constitution
British Principles Influence the Delegates:
Lawmaking body of Great Britain
Magna Carta—free people cannot be arrested without a trial by jury of their peers; Parliament’s rights are protected; English citizens only judged by English laws
English Bill of Rights—right to petition a change of laws; right to a fair punishment
Parliamentary government—a bicameral body; a prime minister administers the government and can be replaced by a majority vote

30. Delegates Hold Their Meetings in Secret:
Section 3: A New Constitution
Delegates Hold Their Meetings in Secret:
Why?
Delegates wanted to discuss their ideas about government freely
feared they would be pressured by outsiders
difficult for delegates to change their minds after debate and discussion
James Madison-- Father of the Constitution
His journal is the chief source of information about the Constitutional Convention

31. Writing the Constitution:
Section 3: A New Constitution
Writing the Constitution:
Established the U.S. Federal system
Federalism-- divides a government’s powers between the national government, which governs the whole country, and state governments, which govern each state.
Compromise- is an agreement in which each side gives up part of its demands in order to reach a solution to a problem
Great Compromise- bicameral lawmaking body called Congress
Senate-- equal representation
House of Representatives-- by population
legislature
This resolved the most serious disagreement which was over representation

32. c a d
Articles of Confederation
Constitutional Convention
Philadelphia
Magna Carta
English Bill of Rights
James Madison
Enlightenment
Great Compromise

33. Section 3: A New Constitution
The Main Idea
The framers of the U.S. Constitution drew upon a history of democratic ideals while developing a document that would establish a new, stronger federal government.
Reading Focus
What historical principles of government influenced the delegates to the Constitutional Convention?
How did the U.S. government become stronger under the Constitution?
How did the viewpoints of Federalists and Antifederalists differ, and how were these differences resolved?

34. Government becomes stronger:
Section 3: A New Constitution
Government becomes stronger:
A federal system was established.
Powers included the coining and printing of money, raising armed forces, trade regulations, and levying taxes.
Provisions for an executive and a judicial branch were established.
To ensure national laws are carried out

35. A STRONGER U.S. GOVERNMENT
Section 3: A New Constitution
A STRONGER U.S. GOVERNMENT
Powers of the National Government
Powers Dealing with Laws
Provide a president to carry out the country’s laws
Establish the Supreme Court and other national courts to interpret laws
Print money
Raise armed forces
Regulate trade
Set taxes

36. Government Becomes Stronger:
Section 3: A New Constitution
Government Becomes Stronger:
The Constitution now had to be sent to the states for ratification, or approval
it had to be ratified by 9 of the 13 states
Federalists—strong national government would keep the country united
Antifederalists—strong national government would not protect the people’s freedoms and would take power from the states
Federalist Papers to help increase support for the Constitution
(formal)
Hotly debated by
Early supporters of the Constitution
Opposed to the new Constitution

37. b f e
Federalist Papers

38. The Constitution is Ratified:
Section 3: A New Constitution
The Constitution is Ratified:
Constitution gained support after the agreement to add a Bill of Rights
A bill of rights was proposed to outline the rights of the people under the Constitution.
The new U.S. government began to operate in March 1789
George Washington was sworn in as the first president of the United States.
Protecting the freedoms of the people

39. Chapter 2 Wrap-Up
1. What are two of the major factors that shape a country’s government?
2. How are a democracy and other types of governments different?
3. What were the key purposes of the Declaration of Independence?
4. What were some of the problems the country faced after independence was declared?
5. In what ways did the colonists’ English political heritage influence American ideas about government and individual rights?
6. What was the outcome of the Constitutional Convention?
7. What were the arguments of the Federalists and Antifederalists?